N. M. Shahani; M. J. Sajid; I. M. Jiskani; B. Ullah; A. R. Qureshi
Abstract
In this work, we employ the fuzzy logic technique to achieve and present, for the first time, a proper analysis of the actual intensity of the increase in the coal miners’ fatality rates in Pakistan from 2010 to 2018, compared with China and India, with an objective to minimize the impact of incidents ...
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In this work, we employ the fuzzy logic technique to achieve and present, for the first time, a proper analysis of the actual intensity of the increase in the coal miners’ fatality rates in Pakistan from 2010 to 2018, compared with China and India, with an objective to minimize the impact of incidents on the miners’ fatalities. The average and yearwise fatality rates in Pakistan, compared with China and India, are used for the fuzzy logic technique in order to calculate the actual degree of flexibility for the surging fatalities. The findings show that both the average (2010-2018) and yearwise fatality rates in 2011, 2015, and 2018 are 2.44, 1.74, and 1.6, respectively. In the fuzzy logic technique, the variables whose membership function (µ) values are ≥ 1 represent the absolute truth. The membership function values for the years 2011, 2015, and 2018 are alarmingly high for the fatalities of coal miners. Similarly, except for 2014 and 2010, where 0 represents the absolute falseness, the results for the remaining years indicate high fatality rates with a flexibility (or small extent) of its corresponding membership function (µ) values such as 0.623, 0.739, 0.219, 0.173 and 0.115, and 0.714, 0.24, 0.01, 0.324 and 0.317 using the average and yearwise analysis, respectively, compared with China. Likewise, the fuzzy logic membership function (µ) values compared with India in the remaining years are 0.704, 0.795, 0.386, 0.159, 0.352 and 0.306, and 0.675, 0.795, 0.386, 0.186, 0.321 and 0.322, respectively. The proposed fuzzy logic analysis has been founded based on the theory of fuzzy sets to properly identify the miners’ fatalities, and also to suggest the implementation of appropriate recommendations to reduce the fatalities in the coal mines in Pakistan.
Exploitation
I. M. Jiskani; F. I. Siddiqui
Abstract
Faults are the most critical tectonic factors in geological structures, which have major economic impacts on mining economics. Thus it is necessary to understand faults in order to identify the actual risks and complications associated with mining. In the preliminary investigation of the Sonda-Jherruck ...
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Faults are the most critical tectonic factors in geological structures, which have major economic impacts on mining economics. Thus it is necessary to understand faults in order to identify the actual risks and complications associated with mining. In the preliminary investigation of the Sonda-Jherruck coalfield, 3D geological modeling was not performed. The purpose of this work was to perform fault orientation modeling in order to document pre-mine planning information and discuss the obstacles that may cause problems in mine planning and development stages. Using the drill hole data, 3D fault models based on the calculation of dip angle and dip direction were established. In the first step, surface models of coal seams were established by applying the triangulation method to the coal seam roof elevations. Then an appropriately oriented grid was overlain to regularize the data and to find the unknown points. The calculation of dip and dip direction was done using an algorithm. The models showing the variation in the dip and dip direction were generated using the inverse distance squared weighted (ID2W) interpolation technique. The generated 3D models were compared with the pre-existing fault lines (based on the aerial map). An attempt was made to create comprehensive models that demonstrate a better understanding of the faults in the studied area.
