Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Approaches for Designing Extraction Methods for Randomly Occurring Pocket Formation of Gemstones: A Case of Musakashi Emerald Area, Solwezi, Zambia
605
618
EN
J.
Manyepa
jmanyepa@ymail.com
Department of Mining Engineering, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
jmanyepa@ymail.com
V.
Patson
Mutambo
: 0000-0003-4394-419
Department of Mining Engineering, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
vmutambo@unza.zm
10.22044/jme.2021.10661.2024
Designing suitable extraction methods for mining randomly occurring pocket formation of gemstones has never been easy at the Musakashi emerald mine due to the limited geological information. In order to improve the productivity as well as the recovery, in this work, we undertake a detailed geological survey (airborne, surface mapping, geochemical sampling, and trenching activities), and <em>review</em><em>, analyze, and establish the appropriate extraction methods, and conduct the economic viability of the mining emeralds in the Musakashi area. </em>A total of 51 holes are drilled in order to define the mineralization and estimate the mineral resource for the rubble ore and the in-situ ore zones using the Surpac Geovia software. The diamond drilling unravels the existence of an alteration zone enveloping the shales in an area of 150m by 100m. The emerald is localized within these reaction zones, and is estimated to extend to a depth of about 20–30m below the surface. The total mineral resource stands at 345, 290 grams for the rubble ore and 123,870 grams for the discordant veins. From the geological information obtained, a trial pit design is established with a target of increasing recovery of emeralds from the current 10 kg to 100 kg per year.
extraction methods,mechanised mining,recovery of emeralds,pocket formation of gemstones
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2126.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2126_74193e85deed5f00b4d05129eae666f6.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
A Stochastic Model Upgrading Gold Content in Cyanide Leaching using Monte Carlo Simulation
619
631
EN
M.
Kamran
0000-0002-2943-9098
Department of Mining Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia
muhdkamran62@gmail.com
Sh.
Bacha
0000-0002-9894-8929
School of Mines China University of Mining and Technology, P.R.China
engr_shahswati@yahoo.com
N.
Mohammad
Department of Mining Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
nisar.mohammad@nwfpuet.edu.pk
10.22044/jme.2021.10795.2046
This paper elucidates a new idea and concept for exploration of the gold ore deposits. The cyanidation method is traditionally used for gold extraction. However, this method is laborious, time-consuming, costly, and depends upon the availability of the processing units. In this work, an attempt is made in order to update the gold exploration method by the Monte Carlo-based simulation. An excellent approach always requires a high quality of the datasets for a good model. A total of 48 incomplete datasets are collected from the Shoghore district, Chitral area of Khyber, Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The cyanidation leaching test is carried out in order to measure the percentage of the gold ore deposits. In this work, the mean, median, mode, and successive iteration substitute methods are employed in such a way that they can compute the datasets with missing attributes. The multiple regression analysis is used to find a correlation between the potential of hydrogen ion concentration (pH), solid content (in %), NaCN concentration (in ppm), leaching time (in Hr), particle size (in µm), and measured percentage of gold recovery (in %). Moreover, the normal Archimedes and exponential distributions are employed in order to forecast the uncertainty in the measured gold ore deposits. The performance of the model reveals that the Monte Carlo approach is more authentic for the probability estimation of gold ore recovery. The sensitivity analysis reveals that pH is the most influential parameter in the estimation of the gold ore deposits. This stochastic approach can be considered as a foundation to foretell the probabilistic exploration of the new gold deposits.
Cyanidation process,Exploration, Gold,Monte Carlo Simulation,Sensitivity Analysis
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2114.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2114_51b831377dd7a9ca5686fb92b12460c0.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Optimization of Process Parameters for Enhanced Up-gradation of Qilla Saifullah Copper ore through Froth Floatation Technique
633
649
EN
M.
Ibrahim
Department of Mining Engineering, Baluchistan University of IT, Engineering and Management Sciences, Pakistan
wathanyar@gmail.com
N.
Mohammad
Department of mining Engineering, University of engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
nisar.mohammad@uetpeshawar.edu.pk
Z.
Ahmad
School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, P.R China
zaheerkasi@gmail.com
Sh.
Bacha
0000-0002-9894-8929
Department of Mining Engineering, Baluchistan University of IT, Engineering and Management Sciences, Pakistan
engr_shahswati@yahoo.com
N.
Muhammad
Khan
Department of Mining Engineering, Baluchistan University of IT, Engineering and Management Sciences, Pakistan
engrnaseer1@gmail.com
M.
Iftikhar
Khan
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
miftikhar@uetpeshawar.edu.pk
10.22044/jme.2021.10796.2047
In this work, we focus on the up-gradation of the copper ore of Qilla Saifullah in Pakistan through the froth flotation technique. The chemical analysis of the head copper ore sample reveal the presence of 2.85% Cu, 22% Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, 52.9% SiO<sub>2</sub>, and other minor minerals. The optimum grinding time and liberation size of the copper ore have been determined as 30 minutes and +149-105 µm, respectively, for further processing. The chemical reagents are optimized in order to get a maximum grade and recovery of the copper ore. After comparisons and analysis of the results obtained, it can be concluded that the maximum grade and recovery of the copper ore are achieved at the dosage 300 (g/t) of the collector potassium amyl xanthate (C6H11KOS2), 250 g/t of pine oil, 250 g/t of a depressant (Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub>), conditioning time of 10 minutes for a collector, flotation time of 6 and 10 minutes, and pH of 10 using the froth flotation technique.
Chalcopyrite,Froth floatation,Extraction of Copper,Copper ore,Iron oxide
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2138.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2138_e150dceaae20850db323f2b6e9524752.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Impact Assessment of Mining Activities on Surface and Sub-Surface Water Condition of Ramgarh, Jharkhand, India using Geospatial Techniques
651
665
EN
S.
Kumar
Jha
sumitjha261@gmail.com
Department of water engineering and management, School of Engineering & Technology,Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
sumitjha261@gmail.com
P.
Warwade
Department of water engineering and management, School of Engineering & Technology,Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
pratibhawarwade@gmail.com
S.
Kumar
Mahto
Department of water engineering and management, School of Engineering & Technology,Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
skmahto17@gmail.com
10.22044/jme.2021.10644.2048
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This work illustrates the impact of excessive mining on the precipitation trends and ground water condition of the Ramgarh district over a period of 12 years (2007-2018). The Landsat 8 and Landsat TM- 5 data is processed under Arc-GIS in order to compare the LULC maps. Out of 7 classified classes, the Results obtained indicate the expansion of the mining area, barren land, settlement, and water body by 10.95%, 10.07%, 3.44%, and 0.43%, while a reduction in the forest, fallow, and crop land by 11.24%, 11.31%, and 2.34% respectively. The TRMM 3B43 data is used to trace out the annual precipitation values of 5 selected raster location points through Arc GIS. The annual precipitation under the mining regions (lower Mandu, Ramgarh, Bhurkunda) shows a decreasing trend. The Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator method is used in order to evaluate the ground water pattern in the pre- and post-monsoonal conditions. The Mandu block, the densest mining region of the district with the positive Z values of 1.714 and 0.137 in the pre- and post- monsoon period shows a decrease in the ground water level at the rates of 0.103 m/year and 0.017 m/year, respectively. The continuous rise in the mining activities has created an alarming shift of weather pattern and deteriorated ground water table in Ramgarh.</span><br />
Land Use/Cover (LULC),Arc-GIS,TRMM 3B43,Mann-Kendall Test,Sen’s Slope Estimator
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2110.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2110_a90fcecf0f7b87dad785b7e372294612.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Methods for Prediction of Blast-Induced Ground Vibration
667
677
EN
A.
Srivastava
Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India
s.ankit1408041@gmail.com
B.
Singh
Choudhary
0000-0001-5098-7681
Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India
bhanwarschoudhary@iitism.ac.in
M.
Sharma
Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India
james.mukul@gmail.com
10.22044/jme.2021.11012.2077
Blast-induced ground vibration (PPV) evaluation for a safe blasting is a long-established criterion used mainly by the empirical equations. However, the empirical equations are again considering a limited information. Therefore, using Machine Learning (ML) tools [Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF)] can help in this context, and the same is applied in this work. A total of 73 blasts are monitored and recorded in this work. For the ML tools, the dataset is divided into the 80-20 ratio for the training and testing purposes in order to evaluate the performance capacity of the models. The prediction accuracies by the SVM and RF models in predicting the PPV values are satisfactory (up to 9% accuracy). The results obtained show that the coefficient of determination (R2) for RF and SVM is 0.81 and 0.75, respectively. Compared to the existing linear regressions, this work recommends using a machine learning regression model for the PPV prediction.
Empirical Equation,Ground Vibration,Peak particle velocity,Random Forest Regression,Support Vector Regression
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2204.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2204_ae5950b08e57f60308a79741732ca26d.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
A State of the art Catboost-Based T-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding Technique to Predict Back-break at Dewan Cement Limestone Quarry
679
691
EN
M.
Kamran
0000-0002-2943-9098
Department of Mining Engineering, Institute Technology of Bandung, Indonesia
muhdkamran62@gmail.com
10.22044/jme.2021.11222.2104
The blasting operation is an important rock fragmentation technique employed in several foundation engineering disciplines such as mining, civil, tunneling, and road planning. Back-break (BB) is one of the adverse effects caused by the blasting operations that produces several effects including vulnerability of mining machinery, bench slope design, and risks to the next blast-patterns due to the eruption of gases from several discontinuities in jointed rock masses. Several techniques have been executed by the researchers in order to predict BB in the blasting operations. However, this is the first work to implement a-state-of-the-art Catboost-based t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) approach to predict BB. A total of 62 datasets having 12 influential BB-generating features are collected from genuine blasting patterns. A novel dimensionality depletion technique t-SNE that operates the Kullback-Leibler divergence interpretation is employed to tailor the pioneer exaggeration of the blasting dataset. Then the t-SNE dataset obtained is split into a 70:30 ratio of the training and testing datasets. Finally, the Catboost method is implemented on a low-dimensionality blasting database. The performance evaluation criterion confirms that the BB predictive model is more stable with a goodness of fit = 99.04 in the training dataset, 97.26 in the testing datasets, and could anticipate a more accurate prediction. Moreover, the model presented in this work performs superior to the existing publicly available execution of BB. In summary, this model can be practiced in order to predict BB in several rock engineering practices and mining industry scenarios.
Blasting,backbreak,Catboost,rock engineering,Mining industry
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2203.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2203_974921366711082311179266c1b66626.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Modeling of Induced Polarization and Resistivity Data for Prospecting and Exploration of Polymetallic Deposit in Kaboudan Area, East of Iran
693
710
EN
F.
Jamali
Faculty of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
f.jamali091@gmail.com
A.R.
Arab Amiri
0000-0003-1721-7452
Faculty of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
alirezaarabamiri@yahoo.com
A.
Kamkar Rouhani
0000-0003-0156-5970
Faculty of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
kamkarr@yahoo.com
A.
Bahrami
Faculty of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
ali.bahrami.a91@gmail.com
10.22044/jme.2021.10353.1985
In any geophysical exploration, the final goal is to achieve an accurate image of the relevant underground property. In order to achieve this, the geophysical operation using the electrical resistivity and induced polarization (IP) methods is conducted to explore the sub-surface sulfide mineralization. Considering the mineralization evidence in the Kaboudan area near the Bardeskan city, first, geophysical surveying of the polymetallic deposit is carried out using the electrical resistivity and IP methods by employing the rectangle array in order to detect the electrical anomalies in the area. Then for delineation of the identified anomalies and investigation of the mineralization in the area, the 2D resistivity and chargeability cross-sections are prepared and interpreted with the help of the geological information. This geophysical survey in the area has led to the identification of several potential areas for mineralization. Then in order to obtain a detailed picture of the sub-surface mineralization and an overview of the in-depth mineralization distribution, a 3D modeling of the acquired data is made, and the results of this modeling are shown in 3D forms. The mineralization zones are identified in the studied area from their high chargeability values as well as the low to medium electrical resistivity amounts. This can be attributed to the metal mineralization and the presence of sulfide minerals in the mineralization zones. Mineralization in many places of the studied area is determined with an approximate east-west trend as well as somewhat varying the intensities of the electrical resistivity and chargeability amounts. The geological and drilling information obtained from the area confirm the interpretations.
Induced polarization (IP),Polymetallic deposits,3-D modeling,Rectangle array,Dipole-dipole array
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2093.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2093_36fcfa4f114b2932c396587168e7546c.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Support Analysis of Main Tunnels in Tabas Mechanized Parvadeh Mine at Intersection with Coal Seam
711
724
EN
F.
Abbasi
School of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
f.abbasi@live.com
M.H.
Khosravi
School of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
mh.khosravi@ut.ac.ir
A.
Jafari
School of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
ajafari@ut.ac.ir
Ali
Bashari
Technical department at TPCCO, Tabas, Iran
bashariali@gmail.com
B.
Alipenhani
School of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
b.alipenhani@ut.ac.ir
10.22044/jme.2021.10610.2014
The instability of the roof and walls of the tunnels excavated in coal mines has always attracted the attention of the miners and experts in this field. In this work, the instability of the main tunnels of the mechanized Parvadeh coal mine in Tabas, Iran, at the intersection with coal seam is studied. The main tunnels of this mine show significant horizontal displacements due to the complex ground conditions and great depth. The behavior of the rock mass surrounding the tunnel is investigated using various experimental methods, and according to the results obtained, the surrounding rock mass has squeezing conditions. In order to analyze the stability of the main tunnels, a series of 2D and 3D numerical modelings are performed using the FLAC<sup>2&3D</sup> finite difference software, and the results obtained are compared with the actual displacement values recorded in the walls of the main tunnels of the mine. The analysis results show that the tunnels under study are unstable with a steel frame support, and therefore, the use of different support systems for the stabilization is investigated. The results of modeling different types of support systems show that the use of shotcrete instead of galvanized sheet (as strut) does not have a significant effect on the reduced displacements. Also although the installation of steel sets is very effective in preventing the displacement of the walls, due to the swelling problems in the tunnel bottom and the placement of the conveyor and haulage rail, it cannot be used in practice. Finally, the use of truss bolt has yielded good results, and it can be proposed as a new support system in these tunnels. In addition, the modeling results show that in case the coal seam is higher than the tunnel foot, less displacement will occur in the tunnel walls compared to the other cases. In other words, changing the tunnel level in the future excavations can help reduce the displacements.
Stability analysis,Numerical Modeling,Support system,Parvadeh coal mine in Tabas,Truss bolt
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2039.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2039_00276de920df7fb5c057ec45c16685e6.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Influence of Physical and Chemical Material Properties on Mining Soil Erosion Processes Around Mineral Salts Company in Mighan playa, Arak, Iran
725
741
EN
M.
Fooladi
Department of Geology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
mahshadfooladi@gmail.com
F.
Ghadimi
Department of Mining Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak, Iran
ghadimi@arakut.ac.ir
Seyed J.
Sheikh Zakariaee
Department of Geology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
j.sheikhzakaria@gmail.com
H.
Rahimpour Bonab
Department of Geology, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
rahimpor@ut.ac.ir
10.22044/jme.2021.10656.2023
In this work, we determine the factors affecting soil erosion and its effect on dust formation around the Mineral Salts Company in Mighan playa of Arak. Seventy samples are randomly sampled from a depth of 10 cm above the ground around Mighan playa. Some factors involved (e.g. sample aggregation, lime, organic matter, pH, Na, K, Ca, and electrical conductivity) are determined and compared with the statistical parameters such as the correlation matrix and cluster analysis in order to determine the erosion rate in each sample based on the soil properties. The results obtained show that soil salinity, as a major factor in erosion, causes soil depletion and degradation in the area. Also a high amount of sand in the environment causes the soil texture instability. The factors such as the amount of gravel, organic matter, and K are the main erosion inhibiting factors, which have little effect on the majority of the samples. The organic matter content in most samples is less than 4%, and does not have much effect on erosion. The amount of clay in the samples is less than 10%, and has no effect on the adhesion of soil texture. The main factor affecting the erosion rate is EC and Na in the soil. The inhibitors such as gravel, organic matter, K, and clay amount in the samples can be considered as a protective or reducing factor in erosioning. Rising in the mentioned factors in the soil causes a lack of density and instability in the soil, and increases the rate of soil erosion. The results of this work show that addition of soil erosion increases the amount of fine-grained soil, and dust is a result of increased production. Also the presence of mineral salt in the area increases the production rate of dense soil, and as a result, rises the amount of dust produced in the area. Therefore, we need to stabilize mining soil, and prevent dust generation around the Mineral Salts Company.
Soil deterioration,Multiple statistic,Physico-chemical soil factor,Dust generation,Mighan playa
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2117.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2117_c6db32fdad314477f677b200f4394d9b.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Mineral Potential Modeling of Porphyry Copper Deposits using Continuously-Weighted Spatial Evidence Layers and Union Score Integration Method
743
751
EN
E.
Bahri
Department of Mining Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Ghazvin, Iran
esmaeil.bahri.1995@gmail.com
A.
Alimoradi
0000-0002-7028-1296
Department of Mining Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Ghazvin, Iran
alimoradi@eng.ikiu.ac.ir
M.
Yousefi
0000-0002-8042-000X
Department of Mining Engineering, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
m.yousefi.eng@gmail.com
10.22044/jme.2021.10668.2026
There are different exploration methods, each of which may introduce a number of promising exploration targets. However, due to the financial and time constraints, only a few of them are selected as the exploration priorities. Instead of the individual use of any exploration method, it is common to integrate the results of different methods in an interdependent framework in order to recognize the best targets for further exploration programs. In this work, the continuously-weighted evidence maps of proximity to intrusive contacts, faults density, and stream sediment geochemical anomalies of a set of porphyry copper deposits in the Jiroft region of the Kerman Province in Iran are first generated using the logistic functions. The weighted evidence maps are then integrated using the union score integration function in order to model the deposit type in the studied area. The weighting and integration approaches applied avoid the disadvantages of the traditional methods in terms of carrying the bias and error resulting from the weighting procedure. Evaluation of the ensuing prospectivity model generated demonstrate that the prediction rate of the model is acceptable, and the targets generated are reliable to follow up the exploration program in the studied area.
modeling,Integration,Exploration Targets,Porphyry copper,Jiroft
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2045.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2045_d9983142eae7423cab58469f3f4b923e.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Expected Proportional Hazard Model in Preventive Maintenance
753
767
EN
A.
Nouri Qarahasanlou
0000-0003-1302-7176
Faculty of Technical & Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
alinoorimine@gmail.com
M.
Ataei
0000-0002-7016-8170
Faculty of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
ataei@shahroodut.ac.ir
R.
Shakoor Shahabi
Faculty of Technical & Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
shahabi@eng.ikiu.ac.ir
10.22044/jme.2021.10812.2051
Whether directly in the form of expenses or indirectly, the objective of maintenance in the mining industry is self-evident in time losses and loss of production. In this paper, the reliability-based maintenance is examined with a different insight than before. The system goes back to the Good As New (GAN) state or too Bad As Old (BAO) maintenance state; why so, the maintenance of the system shifts to the midrange state. On the other hand, the implementation of repairs is strongly influenced by the environmental factors that are known as the “risk factors”. Therefore, an analysis requires a model that integrates two basic elements: (1) incompleteness of the maintenance effect and (2) risk factors. Thus, an extensive proportional hazard ratio model (EPHM) is used as a combination of the Proportional Hazard Model (PHM) and the Hybrid Imperfect Preventive Maintenance model (HIPM) in order to analyze these elements. In this regards, four different preventive maintenance strategies are proposed. All four strategies are time-based including constant interval or periodic (the first and second strategies) and cyclic interval (the third and fourth strategies). The proposed method is applied for a Komatsu HD785-5 dump-truck in the Songun copper mine as a case study. The PM intervals with a mean value of risk factors for the four activities to reach the 80% reliability for the first and second strategies are about 5 and 48 hours. These intervals for the third strategy are calculated as 48.36, 11.58, 10.25, and 9.035, and for the fourth strategy are 5.06, 4.078, 3.459, and 1.92.
Reliability,Maintenance,Expected Proportional Hazard Ratio Model (Ex-PHM),Proportional Hazard Model (PHM),Hybrid Imperfect PM Model (HIPM)
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2111.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2111_7eb02c79f6c7323741f604ee2680528f.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Compressive Failure Analyses of Rock-Like Materials by Experimental and Numerical Methods
769
783
EN
M.
Davood
Yavari
Department of Mining Engineering, Bafgh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bafgh, Iran
yavari1364@yahoo.com
H.
Haeri
State Key Laboratory for Deep GeoMechanics and Underground Engineering, Beijing, China
haerihadi@gmail.com
V.
Sarfarazi
0000-0003-2189-3365
Department of Mining Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, Iran
vahab.sarfarazi@gmail.com
M.
Fatehi Marji
0000-0003-2917-6264
Mine Exploitation Engineering Department, Faculty of Mining and Metallurgy, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran
mohammad.fatehi@gmail.com
H. A.
Lazemi
Department of Mining Engineering, Bafgh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bafgh, Iran
h.lazemi@yahoo.com
10.22044/jme.2021.10819.2052
Investigating the crack propagation mechanism is of paramount importance in analyzing the failure process of most materials. This process may be exposed during each kind of loading on the materials. In this work, the cracking mechanism in rock-like materials is studied using the numerical methods and compared with the experimental test results. However, the mechanism of crack growth in brittle materials such as rocks is influenced by different parameters. This research work focuses on the effect of the initial crack angles on the crack growth paths of these materials. Some cubic samples containing pre-existing cracks are tested in compression by considering different flaw orientations. The specimens are made of cement, water, and sand. Moreover, the mentioned process is numerically simulated using three different methods: the finite difference method for discontinuous bodies or discrete element method, the displacement discontinuity method, and the versatile finite element method. The micro-parameters for simulation are gained by the trial-and-error procedure for the discrete element method. Eventually, the crack growth paths observed in the experiments are compared with the numerically simulated models. The results obtained show that these central cracks propagate in two ways, which are dependent on their initial angle. By increasing the initial crack angle to greater than 30<sup>°</sup> (<em>α </em>> 30<sup>°</sup>), the wing crack path moves further away from the initial crack, and by decreasing <em>α</em> to smaller than 30<sup>°</sup> (<em>α </em>< 30<sup>°</sup>), only the shear cracks are initiated. Therefore, the validity and accuracy of the results are manifested by comparing all the corresponding results obtained by different methods. Based on these results, it can generally be concluded that the strength of the cubic (rock material) specimens increases with increase in the crack angles with respect to the applied loading direction.
Crack Propagation,Fracture Mechanics,Physical Modeling,Finite Element Method,Discrete Element Method
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2089.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2089_38e980e77c1b8e06f9a06a3db6b3e1f5.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Interaction between Tunnel and Surface Foundation using PFC2D
785
798
EN
V.
Sarfarazi
0000-0003-2189-3365
Department of Mining Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, Iran
vahab.sarfarazi@gmail.com
K.
Asgari
Department of Mining Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
kavehaskary1373@gmail.com
Sh.
Mohamadi Bolban Abad
Department of Mining Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, Iran
10.22044/jme.2021.10846.2057
In this work, we investigate the interaction between tunnel and surface foundation in two dimensions by the particle flow code. At the first stage, the PFC calibration is conducted using the experimental test results rendered by a biaxial test. Then the simulation of a biaxial test is performed by confining a rectangular sample inside four walls. The walls are located at the top and bottom simulated loading plates and the adjacent walls are located at the left and right simulated sample side confinement. The velocities of the top and bottom walls are determined, and they are used for loading the sample in a strain-controlled mode. The respond of the material is evaluated by following the diverse stress and strain quantities. The axial deviatoric stress versus the axial strain for biaxial test on the bonded granular material is drawn, and then the Mohr's circle is drawn in order to reach the failure envelope of laboratory. Secondly, a rectangular model with dimensions of 10 m 10 m containing a central tunnel and a surface foundation is built. The tunnel is situated in sixteen different positions below the foundation. The foundation moves downward with a velocity of 0.016 mm/s. The results obtained show the position of the tunnel controlling the failure volume. Also the vertical displacement at the roof of the tunnel decreases by increasing the vertical spacing between tunnel and foundation. The settlement beneath the foundation increases by reducing the vertical spacing between the tunnel and the foundation. The settlement beneath the foundation decreases by augmenting the horizontal spacing between the tunnel and the foundation.
Tunnel,Foundation,PFC,Settlement,collapse zone
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2097.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2097_b3e758c8a2c082bbf86ecb4d75d02766.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Interaction of Excavated Tunnels by Earth Pressure Balance Machines and Sub-surface Obstacles; Case Study: Tehran Metro Line 7
799
814
EN
D.
Mohammadi
Department of Mining Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
d.mohammadi@aut.ac.ir
K.
Shahriar
Department of Mining Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
k.shahriar@aut.ac.ir
D.
Parsapour
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
parsa@aut.ac.ir
10.22044/jme.2021.10868.2061
Tunneling in urban areas has always encountered many uncertainties, which if not considered in both analysis and design of the tunnels, will cause unexpected events during tunnel construction. Obstacles are among the most remarkable uncertainties in tunneling that affect the tunnel construction process. The obstacles in urban tunneling include municipal utilities, surface and sub-surface structures, channels, wells, storages, and unknown cavities. Tehran Metro Line 7 in Iran is no exception to the rule, and has been grappling with the obstacles. In this work, we investigate the effect of the existence of wells and unknown cavities in the zone of influence of excavated tunnels by EPBM. The innovation of this research work is in the EPB tunnel design encountering wells and cavities that are as risky as the adjacent underground structure. In this work, we use a numerical simulation of the 3D finite difference method (FDM) so a series of parametric studies based on the numerical model are examined using the well and unknown cavity geometry and their location relative to the tunnel in alluvium. According to the results obtained, a major disturbance occurs in the near field of the well–tunnel, and the interaction problem happens in front of the tunnel face. The numerical outcome indicates that the most critical state of the ground settlement by EPBM happens when the well and unknown cavity are located in the face of the tunnel. It is also proved that the ground behavior is different for each part of EPBM such as ahead of the face, cutter head, shield, and segmental lining parts.
EPBM,Subsurface obstacle,Ground collapse,Settlement,Zone of influence
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2124.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2124_f350b0e1fc2c0b7d4d4d63b8408a73b4.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Carnallite Flotation of Khur Biabanak Potash Complex using Kimiaflot619 as a New Collector
815
823
EN
A.R.
Javadi
Department of mining engineering, Faculty of engineering, University Of Kashan
alireza.javadi@kashanu.ac.ir
10.22044/jme.2021.10881.2064
Carnallite, with the chemical formula KMgCl<sub>3</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O, is a mineral that was first discovered in the Urals Mountains in Russia. The reverse flotation has been established for carnallite processing in the current decades, and the alkyl morpholine collector is used for the removal of NaCl from carnallite using the reverse flotation. The carnallite processing method involves reverse flotation with the dodecyl morpholine collector, and then centrifugation and cold crystallization. In this research work, kimiaflot 619, as a new collector, is synthesized, and the bench-scale flotation shows that kimiaflot 619 reveals a better selectivity and affinity for the NaCl crystals at an acidic pH with a less collector dosages–only 1/2 of the Armoflot 619 collector. The flotation results indicate that the NaCl grade in carnallite concentrated by Armoflot 619 (200 g/t) is 2.86%, while the NaCl grade in carnallite concentrated by kimiaflot 619collector (100 g/t) is 2.75%. The frother’s stability of the Armoflot 619 collector after flotation is very high and uncontrollable, while kimiaflot 619 has solved this problem, and it is completely controllable.
Carnallite,Flotation,Potash,Collector,Khur Biabanak Potash Complex
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2164.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2164_f5ae0c4b58902a3c696b25acfb679a79.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Study of Effect of Cooling/Lubricating Fluids, Machining Parameters, and Rock Mechanical Properties on Penetration Rate in Rock Drilling Process
825
843
EN
Sh.
Khosravimanesh
Department of mining engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
sh.khosravi30@gmail.com
M.
Cheraghi Seifabad
Department of mining engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
cheraghi@cc.iut.ac.ir
R.
Mikaeil
Department of Mining and Engineering, Faculty of Environment, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran
reza.mikaeil@gmail.com
R.
Bagherpour
Department of mining engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
bagherpour@cc.iut.ac.ir
10.22044/jme.2021.11017.2078
In most rock drilling operations, the low rate of penetration (ROP) can be primarily attributed to the presence of the cuttings produced during drilling and the thermal stresses caused by friction at the bit-rock interface, which can be exacerbated with the increasing strength, hardness, and abrasivity of the drilled rock. In order to improve ROP, drill bit lifetime, and cutting power, it is necessary to minimize the process forces due to the mechanical bit-rock interaction and the thermal stresses generated in the drill hole. Any improvement in these areas is extremely important from both the technical and the economic perspectives. This improvement can be achieved by the use of appropriate cooling/lubricating fluids in the drilling process in order to increase ROP, reduce the temperature of the drilling environment, and create a clean drill hole free of cuttings. In this work, a series of laboratory drilling tests are performed to investigate and compare ROP in the drilling of seven samples of hard and soft rock in the presence of six different cooling-lubricating fluids. The drilling tests are performed on the cubic specimens with a laboratory-scale drilling rig at several different rotation speeds and thrust forces. The statistical analyses are performed in order to investigate the relationship between ROP and the mechanical properties of the rock, properties of the fluid, and machining parameters of the drilling rig. These analyses show that under similar conditions in terms of mechanical properties of the rock using Syncool with a concentration of 1:100 and soap water with a concentration of 1:120 instead of pure water leads to the average 31% and 37% increased ROP in granite, 36% and 43% increased ROP in marble, and 47% and 61% increased ROP in travertine, respectively. These results demonstrate the good performance of these cooling/lubricating fluids in increasing ROP.
Drilling,rate of penetration,coolant-lubricant fluids,Statistical Analysis,linear univariate
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2153.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2153_86c12d5b3f2db5ad3e27fbd356711334.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Determining an Appropriate range for the Number of Cuboid Lifters in Ball Mills using DEM
845
862
EN
M.
Jahani Chegeni
Faculty of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
m.jahani1983@gmail.com
S.
Kolahi
Faculty of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
sajadkolahi74@gmail.com
10.22044/jme.2021.11052.2081
The number of lifters in the liner of ball mills and the mill rotation speed are among the most significant factors affecting the behavior of grinding charge (balls) and their motion trajectory, and consequently, the comminution mechanism in these mills. In this research, in order to find a suitable range for the number of lifters in the liner of ball mills, the DEM method is utilized. Initially, a pilot-scale ball mill with dimensions of 2.0 m × 1.11 m without any lifter is simulated. Afterwards, by adding, respectively, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 20, 26, 30, and 32 cuboid lifter(s) with dimensions of 2 m × 5 cm × 5 cm, nine other separate simulations are performed. The influences of the number of cuboid lifters on the two new factors introduced here, namely ‘head height’ (HH) and ‘impact zone length’ (IZL) at various mill speeds, that is, 70% and 80% of its critical speed (CS) are investigated. The results indicate that in order to find a suitable range for the number of lifters in the liner of ball mills, it is necessary to consider these two parameters simultaneously as the criteria for selecting the appropriate range, That is, liners that simultaneously produce both a higher HH and a greater IZL are more suitable for use in the industry. The results also demonstrate that the suitable range for the number of cuboid lifters in the liner of ball mills is between 16 and 32, which field research on the ball mills of three different plants in the industry confirms the accuracy of the results obtained in this research. Unlike the previous research works, it has now been shown that the number of ball mill lifters does not only depend on the diameter of the mill but also depends on the width, height, angle of the lifter, and generally on the type of lifter.
DEM simulation,ball mills,Number of Lifters,Head height (HH),Impact zone length (IZL)
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2150.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2150_d1c385fd31ad2e1c6960e80377279625.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Investigating Correlation of Physico-Mechanical Parameters and P-Wave Velocity of Rocks: a Comparative Intelligent Study
863
875
EN
H.
Fattahi
0000-0001-6427-0534
Faculty of Earth Sciences Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Iran
h.fattahi@arakut.ac.ir
M.
Hasanipanah
Department of Mining Engineering, University of Kashan, Iran
mahdi.hassani@gmail.com
N.
Zandy Ilghani
Faculty of Earth Sciences Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Iran
iron.azar@gmail.com
10.22044/jme.2021.11121.2092
The mechanical characteristics of rocks and rock masses are considered as the determining factors in making plans in the mining and civil engineering projects. Two factors that determine how rocks responds in varying stress conditions are P-wave velocity (PWV) and its isotropic properties. Therefore, achieving a high-accurate method to estimate PWV is a very important task. This work investigates the use of different intelligent models such as multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), classification and regression tree (CART), group method of data handling (GMDH), and gene expression programming (GEP) for the prediction of PWV. The proposed models are then evaluated using several error statistics, i.e. squared correlation coefficient (<em>R<sup>2</sup></em>) and root mean squared error (RMSE). The values of <em>R<sup>2</sup></em> obtained from the CART, MARS, GMDH, and GEP models are 0.983, 0.999, 0.995, and 0.998, respectively. Furthermore, the CART, MARS, GMDH, and GEP models predict PWV with the RMSE values of 0.037, 0.007, 0.023, and 0.020, respectively. According to the aforementioned amounts, the models presented in this work predict PWV with a good performance. Nevertheless, the results obtained reveal that the MARS model yields a better prediction in comparison to the GEP, GMDH, and CART models. Accordingly, MARS can be offered as an accurate model for predicting the aims in other rock mechanics and geotechnical fields.
P-wave velocity,Artificial intelligence,Prediction models,Multivariate adaptive regression splines
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2165.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2165_25b5682b7ffe788795864e9db61e3d8a.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
An Investigation on Tailing Slurry Transport in Kooshk lead-Zinc Mine in Iran Based on Non-Newtonian Fluid Rheology: an Experimental Study
877
893
EN
J.
Vazifeh
Mehrabani
Department of Mineral Processing, Faculty of Mining Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand New Town, Tabriz, Iran
mehrabani@sut.ac.ir
M.
Goharkhah
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand New Town, Tabriz, Iran
goharkhah@sut.ac.ir
10.22044/jme.2021.11105.2093
In the current research work, a piping system is designed for slurry transport to the tailing dam in the Kooshk lead-zinc mine, Iran. The experiments are carried out primarily to investigate the rheological behavior of the slurry at different densities and obtain a non-Newtonian model for the shear stress variation with the deformation rate. It is shown that the shear stress of concentrated slurry follows the plastic Bingham model. The results obtained also indicate the increasing trend of the yield stress and the apparent viscosity of the slurry with the density. Appropriate correlations are proposed for the apparent viscosity and yield stress as a function of pulp concentration. At the next step, the required design parameters such as the slurry flow rate, pressure drop, critical velocity, and minimum required head for flow initiation and head losses are calculated for different slurry densities and pipe sizes. The appropriate piping system is finally designed based on the experimental data and the calculated parameters. It is concluded that the 3 in diameter pipe can be used to deliver the slurry with solid concentrations between 44% < C<sub>w </sub>< 60% by weight, without a pumping system.
Tailing slurry,critical velocity,pipe design,Bingham model,Kooshk mine
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2185.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2185_2e7ba565dcf33fb3d7ef58be1633bb12.pdf
Shahrood University of Technology
Journal of Mining and Environment
2251-8592
2251-8606
12
3
2021
07
01
Experimental Study of Effect of Glass Fibres on Properties of Concrete Containing Micro-silica and Limestone Powder
895
906
EN
M.
Hosseini
Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
mahdi_hosseini@ikiu.ac.ir
D.
Fakhri
Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
danialfakhri.fkh@gmail.com
10.22044/jme.2021.11175.2098
The purpose of this work is to investigate the possibility of using mine wastes in the improvement of concrete properties. This research work investigates the physical and mechanical properties of the concrete specimens. These concrete specimens include concrete-lacking fibres, micro-silica and limestone powder (C), concrete-containing glass fibres without micro-silica and limestone powder (GC), concrete-containing micro-silica and limestone powder without fibres (CML), and concrete-containing glass fibres, micro-silica, and limestone powder (CGML). The physical and mechanical properties including the effective porosity, longitudinal wave velocity, water absorption, unit weight, tensile strength, uniaxial compressive strength, triaxial compressive strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle are investigated. The results obtained show that adding glass fibres to the concrete (GC) improve its properties compared to the fibre-less concrete (C). However, the properties of GC are improved significantly less than CGML. The Brazilian tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength of GC increase by 13.6% and 10.95% relative to C. The Brazilian tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength of CGML increase by 21.8% and 45.94% relative to C. Finally, it can be concluded that adding the micro-silica and limestone powder to the glass fibre concrete as well as the use of mine wastes also significantly improves the properties of the concrete.
Concrete,Microsilica,Limestone powder,Glass fibres,Physical and Mechanical Properties
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2220.html
https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_2220_6ac82191858b5ac18b93e00ad7d804d7.pdf