Rock Mechanics
Hossein Azad; Hamid Chakeri; Hadi Shakeri
Abstract
Mechanized tunnelling in soft soils often results in ground settlement both around the tunnel and at the surface, which can potentially damage urban infrastructure and surrounding buildings. Several geological and operational factors influence the extent of ground settlement. This paper investigates ...
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Mechanized tunnelling in soft soils often results in ground settlement both around the tunnel and at the surface, which can potentially damage urban infrastructure and surrounding buildings. Several geological and operational factors influence the extent of ground settlement. This paper investigates the actual ground settlement caused by over 10 kilometers of tunnelling along Tabriz Metro Line 2, with a particular focus on the materials and positions of the tunnelling machine. The results show that 55-60% of the total settlements occur behind the shield of the tunnelling machine, which is consistent with Thewes’ (2009) diagram. The surrounding soil was categorized, and using data from settlement pins, the actual Volume Loss (VL) was analyzed across three geological sections consisting of sandy, clayey, and mixed materials. The findings reveal that volume loss in sandy materials is greater than in clayey and mixed soils, at approximately 1.02%. Additionally, the volume loss in mixed soils was calculated to be 0.82%, while in clay soils, it was 0.53%. To assess the impact of different materials on surface settlement, numerical modeling was carried out using Plaxis 3D software. The numerical results, considering volume losses of 1.05% for sandy materials, 0.8% for mixed materials, and 0.5% for clay materials, closely matched the actual settlement data.
