Document Type : Original Research Paper
Authors
Mining Engineering Department, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, Iran
Abstract
This work presents the hollow center cracked disc (HCCD) test and the cracked straight through Brazilian disc (CSTBD) test of oil well cement sheath using the experimental test and Particle Flow Code in two-dimensions (PFC2D) in order to determine mode I fracture toughness of cement sheath. The tensile strength of cement sheath is 1.2 MPa. The cement sheath model is calibrated by outputs of the experimental test. Secondly, the numerical HCCD model and CSTBD model with diameter of 100 mm are prepared. The notch lengths are 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, and 40 mm. The tests are performed by the loading rate of 0.018 mm/s. When the notch length in CSTBD is 40 mm, the external work is decreased 48%, related to the maximum external work of model with notch length of 10 mm (0.225 KN*mm decreased to 0.116 KN*mm). When the notch length in HCCD is 30 mm, the external work is decreased 33%, related to the maximum external work of model with notch length of 10 mm (0.06 KN*mm decreased to 0.04 KN*mm). The fracture energy is largely related to the joint length. The fracture energy is decreased by increasing the notch length. In constant to the notch length, the fracture energy of the CSTBD model is more than the HCCD model. Mode I fracture toughness is constant by increasing the notch length. The HCCD test and the CSTBD test yield a similar fracture toughness due to a similar tensile stress distribution on failure surface. The experimental outputs are in accordance to the numerical results.
Keywords
[1]. Jafariesfad, N. Geiker, M.R. Gong, Y. Skalle, P. Zhang, Z. and He, J.C. (2017). Cement sheath modification using nanomaterials for long-term zonal isolation of oil wells: Review. J. Petrol Sci Eng. 156: 662−672.
[2]. Cheng, X. Liu, K. Zhang, X. Li, Z. and Guo, X. (2018). Integrity changes of cement sheath due to contamination by drilling fluid. Adv Cem Res. 30: 47−55.
[3]. Kremieniewski, M. (2020). Recipe of Lightweight Slurry with High Early Strength of the Resultant Cement Sheath. Energies. 13, 1583.
[4]. Pikłowska, A. Ziaja, J. and Kremieniewski, M. (2021). Influence of the Addition of Silica Nanoparticles on the Compressive Strength of Cement Slurries under Elevated Temperature Condition. Energies. 4, 5493.
[5]. Gao, C. and Wu, W. (2018). Using ESEM to analyze the microscopic property of basalt fiber reinforced asphalt concrete. International Journal of Pavement. Research and Technology. 11: 374−380.
[6]. Wang, W. and Dahi Taleghani, A. (2017). Impact of hydraulic fracturing on cement sheath integrity; A modelling approach. J. Nat Gas Sci Eng. 44, 265−277.
[7]. Xu, NW. Dai, F. Wei, MD. Xu, Y. and Zhao, T. (2015). Numerical observation of three dimensional wing-cracking of cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc rock specimen subjected to mixed mode loading. Rock Mech Rock Eng. 32 (2):33-44.
[8]. Xiaowei, C. Sheng, H. Xiaoyang, G. and Wenhui, D. (2017). Crumb waste tire rubber surface modification by plasma polymerization of ethanol and its application on oil-well cement. Appl Surf Sci. 409: 325−342.
[9]. Liu, T. Lin, B. and Yang, W. (2017). Mechanical behavior and failure mechanism of pre-cracked specimen under uniaxial compression. Tectonophysics. 32: 330−343.
[10]. Ladva, H.K.J. Craster, B. Jones, T.G.J. Goldsmith, G. and Scott, D. (2005). The Cement-to-Formation Interface in Zonal Isolation. SPE Drill. Completion. 20: 186−197.
[11]. Dai, F. Chen, R. and Xia, K. (2010) A Semi-Circular Bend Technique for Determining Dynamic Fracture Toughness. Exp Mech. 50: 783−791.
[12]. Wang, P. Xu, J. Fang, X. Wen, M. Zheng, G. and Wang, P. (2017). Dynamic splitting tensile behaviors of red-sandstone subjected to repeated thermal shocks: Deterioration and micro-mechanism. Eng. Geol. 223,1−10.
[13]. Fowell, R.J. (1995). Suggested method for determining mode I fracture toughness using cracked chevron notched Brazilian disk (CCNBD) specimen. Int. J. Rock Mech. Mineral Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 32 (1): 57–64.
[14]. Lim, I.L. Johnston, I.W. Choi, S.K. Boland, J.N. (1994a). Fracture testing of a soft rock with semi-circular specimens under threepoint bending. Part 1, 2. Int. J. Rock Mech. Mineral Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 31 (3): 185–212.
[15]. Lim, I.L. Johnston, I.W. and Choi, S.K. (1994b). Assessment of mixedmode fracture toughness testing methods for rock. Int. J. Rock Mech. Mineral Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 31 (3): 265–272.
[16]. Ouchterlony, F. (1981) Extension of the compliance and stress intensity formulas for the single edge crack round bar in bending, in: Fracture Mechanics for Ceramics, Rocks, and Concrete, AStM International.
[17]. Khan, K. (2000). Effect of specimen geometry and testing method on mixed mode I-II fracture toughness of a limestone rock from Saudi Arabia, Rock mechanics and rock engineering, 33 (3): 179-206.
[18]. Iqbal, M. (2006). Experimental calibration of stress intensity factors of the ISRM suggested cracked chevronnotched Brazilian disc specimen used for determination of mode-I fracture toughness, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 43 (8): 1270-1276.
[19]. Tutluoglu, L. (2011). Mode I fracture toughness determination with straight notched disk bending method, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 48 (8): 1248-1261.
[20]. Guo, H. Aziz, N.I. and Schmidt, L.C. (1993). Rock fracture toughness determination by the Brazilian test. Eng Geol. 33 (3):177–188.
[21]. Awaji, H. and Sato, S. (1978). Combined mode fracture toughness measurement by disk test. J Eng Mater Technol. 100(2):175–182.
[22]. Atkinson, C. Smelser, R.E. and Sanchez, J. (1982). Combined mode fracture via the cracked Brazilian disk test. Int J Fract. 18(4):279–291.
[23]. Aliha, M.R.M. Ayatollahi, M.R. Smith, D.J. and Pavier, M.J. (2010). Geometry and size effects on fracture trajectory in a limestone rock under mixed mode loading. Eng Fract Mech. 77(11): 2200–2212.
[24]. Aliha, M.R.M. Ayatollahi, M.R. and Akbardoost, J. (2012). Typical upper bound-lower bound mixed mode fracture resistance envelopes for rock material. Rock Mech Rock Eng. 45 (1):65–74.
[25]. Aliha, M.R.M. Sistaninia, M. Smith, D.J. Pavier, M.J. and Ayatollahi, M.R. (2012). Geometry effects and statistical analysis of mode I fracture in guiting limestone. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci. 51:128– 135.
[26]. Chen, C.H. Chen, C.S. and Wu, J.H. (2008). Fracture toughness analysis on cracked ring disks of anisotropic rock. Rock Mech Rock Eng. 41(4):539–562.
[27]. Wang, Q.Z. and Xing, L. (1999). Determination of fracture toughness KIc by using the flattened Brazilian disc specimen for rocks. Eng Fract Mech. 64 (2):193–201.
[28]. Keles, C. and Tutluoglu, L. (2011). Investigation of proper specimen geometry for mode I fracture toughness testing with flattened Brazilian disc method. Int J Fract. 169 (1):61–75.
[29]. Amrollahi, H. Baghbanan, A. and Hashemolhosseini, H. (2011). Measuring fracture toughness of crystalline marbles under modes I and II and mixed mode I-II loading conditions using CCNBD and HCCD specimens. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci. 48 (7):1123–1134.
[30]. Tang, T. Bazant, Z.P. Yang, S. and Zollinger, D. (1996). Variable-notch one-size test method for fracture energy and process zone length. Eng Fract Mech. 55(3):383–404.
[31]. Yang, S. Tang, T.X. Zollinger, D. and Gurjar, A. (1997). Splitting tension tests to determine rock fracture parameters by peak-load method. Adv Cem Based Mater. 5:18–28.
[32]. Külekçi, G. (2021). Comparison of EFNARC and Round Plate Bending Test Methods used in Measurement of Toughness Index, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Journal of Science and Engineering. 2(2):120-126.
[33]. Kulekci, G., Yilmaz, A.O. and Çullu, M. (2021). Experımental Investıgatıon of the Usabılıty of Constructıon Waste as Aggregate, Journal of Mining and Environment. 12 (1): 63-76.
[34]. Külekçi, G. (2021. Comparison of field and laboratory result of fiber reinforced shotcrete application. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering. 65 (2): 463-473.
[35]. Külekçi, G. (2019). Energy Absorption Measurement in Shotcrete by EFNARC Plaque Deflection Experiment ICADET.
[36]. Külekçi, G. and Çullu, M. (2021). The Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Fiber-Reinforced Composites Produced with the use of Alternative Wastes, Journal of Polytechnic. 24 (3): 1171-1180
[37]. Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries−Cements and Materials for Well Cementing. (2005). Part 1: Specification; EN ISO 10426-1.
[38]. Potyondy, D.O. (2012). A flat-jointed bonded-particle material for hard rock. Paper presented at the 46th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, Chicago, USA. 55-61.
[39]. Potyondy, D.O. (2015). The bonded-particle model as a tool for rock mechanics research and application: Current trends and future directions. Geosystem Engineering, 18 (1): 1–28.
[40]. Potyondy, D.O. (2017). Simulating perforation damage with a flat-jointed bonded-particle material. Paper presented at the 51st US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, San Francisco, California, USA. 77-82.
[41]. Chen, W. Konietzky, H. Tan, X. and Frruhwirt, T. (2016). Pre-failure damage analysis for brittle rocks under triaxial compression. Computers and Geotechnics. 74: 45-55.
[42]. Koksal, F. (2013). Fracture energy-based optimisation of steel fibre reinforced concretes. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 107: 29 –37.
)