A Study on Seismic Analysis of Underground Tunnels for Delhi Metro

Shakya, Rahul; Singh, Manendra

doi:10.22044/jme.2023.12598.2289

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India

https://doi.org/10.22044/jme.2023.12598.2289

Abstract

Due to fast urbanization, there is a shortage of above-ground surfaces. Thus to reduce this shortage of above-ground surface, underground tunnels are constructed beneath the structure for transportation purposes. As a result, it is critical to understand how earthquakes affect underground tunnels, so that people's lives can be saved and service levels can be maintained. Underground constructions cannot be considered entirely immune to the impacts of ground shaking, as evidenced by the Kobe earthquake (1995), the Chi-Chi earthquake (1999), and the Niigata earthquake (2004), when some underground structures were severely damaged. A typical section at Chandani Chowk of DMRC (Delhi Metro Rail Corporation) tunnels, New Delhi, India, has been analyzed by using the finite element method. Response of the soil tunnel system for the Uttarkashi earthquake (1991) has been found out in the form of maximum forces induced in the RC liner of the tunnel, displacement, induced acceleration and stresses. The results have been compared with the available closed-form solutions. Parametric studies by considering different parameters such as effect of contraction (volume loss), influence of boundary conditions and damping, effect of interface condition between soil and tunnel, effect of displacement time history and effect of a nearby building have also been conducted. Forces in RC liners and stress concentration obtained in the present study are well-matched to those obtained by available closed formed solutions. The vertical stress concentration and volume loss depend upon the soil medium's constitutive behavior. The section under consideration was safe against the 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake. It can also be observed that, due to the presence of the building, the axial force and bending moment increased in tunnel’s liner, and the value of all three forces reduced as the position of the building was away from the tunnel. Shear force and bending moment were maximum for full slip condition between soil and tunnel lining however the effect of the interface condition on the displacement was negligible after a certain value of the interface condition.

Keywords

20.1001.1.22518592.2023.14.3.1.4

References

[1]. Hashash, Y.M., Hook, J.J., Schmidt, B., John, I., and Yao, C. (2001). Seismic design and analysis of underground structures. Tunnelling and underground space technology, 16(4): 247-293.

[2]. Zhang, X., Jiang, Y., and Maegawa, K. (2020). Mountain tunnel under earthquake force: A review of possible causes of damages and restoration methods. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 12(2): 414-426.

[3]. Owen, G.N. and Scholl, R.E., 1981. Earthquake engineering of large underground structures. Report no. FHWARD-80195. Federal Highway Administration and National Science Foundation

[4]. Gil, L.M., Hernandez, E., and De la Fuente, P. (2001). Simplified transverse seismic analysis of buried structures. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 21(8): 735-740.

[5]. Penzien, J. (2000). Seismically induced racking of tunnel linings. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 29(5): 683-691.

[6]. St John, C.M. and Zahrah, T.F. (1987). Aseismic design of underground structures. Tunnelling and underground space technology, 2(2): 165-197.

[7]. Stamos, A.A. and Beskos, D. E. (1996). 3-D seismic response analysis of long lined tunnels in half-space. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 15(2): 111-118.

[8]. Wang, J.N. (1993). Seismic design of tunnels: a state-of-the-art approach, monograph, monograph 7. Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade and Douglas Inc, New York.

[9]. Cilingir, U. and Madabhushi, S.G. (2011). A model study on the effects of input motion on the seismic behavior of tunnels. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 31(3): 452-462.

[10]. Lanzano, G., Bilotta, E., Russo, G., Silvestri, F., and Madabhushi, S. G. (2012). Centrifuge modeling of seismic loading on tunnels in sand. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 35(6): 854-869.

[11]. Tsinidis, G., Pitilakis, K., and Trikalioti, A.D. (2014). Numerical simulation of round robin numerical test on tunnels using a simplified kinematic hardening model. Acta Geotechnica, 9(4): 641-659.

[12]. Xu, H., Li, T., Xia, L., Zhao, J.X., Wang, D. (2016). Shaking table tests on seismic measures of a model mountain tunnel. Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech. 60, 197–209.

[13]. Luzhen, J., Jun, C., and Jie, L. (2010). Seismic response of underground utility tunnels: shaking table testing and FEM analysis. Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vib. 9, 555–567.

[14]. Chen, Z., Liang, S., Shen, H., and He, C. (2018). Dynamic centrifuge tests on effects of isolation layer and cross-section dimensions on shield tunnels. Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 109,173–187.

[15]. Xin, C.L., Wang, Z.Z., Zhou, J.M., and Gao, B. (2019). Shaking table tests on seismic behavior of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete tunnel lining. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 88, 1–15.

[16]. Guobo, W., Mingzhi, Y., Yu, M., Jun, W., and Wang, Y. (2018). Experimental study on seismic response of underground tunnel-soil-surface structure interaction system. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 76, 145–159.

[17]. Chen, X., Shen, J., Bao, X., Wu, X., Tang, W., and Cui, H. (2023). A review of seismic resilience of shield tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 136, 105075.

[18]. Tsinidis, G., Pitilakis, K., and Anagnostopoulos, C. (2016). Circular tunnels in sand: dynamic response and efficiency of seismic analysis methods at extreme lining flexibilities. Bulletin of earthquake engineering, 14, 2903-2929.

[19]. Sharma, S. and Judd, W.R. (1991). Underground opening damage from earthquakes. Engng Geol. 30, No. 3–4, 263–276.

[20]. Huang, Z.K., Pitilakis, K., Tsinidis, G., Argyroudis, S., and Zhang, D.M. (2020). Seismic vulnerability of circular tunnels in soft soil deposits: The case of Shanghai metropolitan system. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 98, 103341.

[21]. Huang, J., Zhao, X., Zhao, M., Du, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, C., and Zhang, C. (2020). Effect of peak ground parameters on the nonlinear seismic response of long lined tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 95, 103175.

[22]. Jiang, J., El Nggar, H. M., Xu, C., Zhong, Z., and Du, X. (2021). Effect of ground motion characteristics on seismic fragility of subway station. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 143, 106618.

[23]. Singh, M., Samadhiya, N.K., and Yadav, J.S. (2021). Effect of Earthquake on Underground Metro Tunnels—A Parametric Study. In Proceedings of the 1st Indo-China Research Series in Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering (pp. 1-19). Springer Singapore.

[24]. Liu, S., Yao, L., Feng, X., and Wang, P. (2022). Response Analysis of Curved Tunnel under Near-Field Long-Period Ground Motion Considering Seismic Wave Propagation Effect. Sustainability, 15(1): 60.

[25]. Rowe R (1992). Tunnel engineering in earthquake area. J Tunn Tunn 12:41–44

[26]. Lanzano, G., Bilotta, E., Russo, G., and Silvestri, F. (2015). Experimental and numerical study on circular tunnels under seismic loading. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 19(5): 539-563

[27]. Pakbaz, M.C. and Yareevand, A. (2005). 2-D analysis of circular tunnel against earthquake loading. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 20(5): 411-417.

[28]. Lotfi, M.M., Vafaeian, M., (2006). Analyzing the seismic effect on the metro tunnels in response to some known earthquakes. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 21(3–4).

[29]. Kampas, G., Knappett, J.A., Brown, M.J., Anastasopoulos, I., Nikitas, N., and Fuentes, R., 2020. Implications of volume loss on the seismic response of tunnels in coarsegrained soils. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol.

[30]. Jagdish, P.S. and Jyant, K. (2014). Stability of a circular tunnel in presence of pseudostatic seismic body forces. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 42, 264–276.

[31]. Miao, Y., Yao, E., Ruan, B., and Zhuang, H., (2018). Seismic response of shield tunnel subjected.
to spatially varying earthquake ground motions. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 77, 216–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.04.006.

[32]. de Silva, F., Fabozzi, S., Nikitas, N., Bilotta, E., and Fuentes, R., (2021). Seismic vulnerability of circular tunnels in sand. Geotechnique. 71(11): 1056-1070.

[33]. de Silva, F., Fabozzi, S., Nikitas, N., Bilotta, E., and Fuentes, R. (2019). Site Specific Seismic
Performance of Circular Tunnels in Dry Sand. In: Proceedings of VII Convegno Nazionale dei Ricercatori di Inge.

[34]. Penzien, J. and Wu, C.L. (1998). Stresses in linings of bored tunnels. Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics, 27(3): 283-300.

[35]. Hashash, Y.M., Park, D., John, I., and Yao, C. (2005). Ovaling deformations of circular tunnels under seismic loading, an update on seismic design and analysis of underground structures. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 20(5): 435-441.

[36]. Ashish Chandrorkar (2021). A comprehensive report on Metro rail systems in India.

[37]. Siemiatycki, Matti (2006). Message in a Metro: Building Urban Rail Infrastructure and Image in Delhi, India". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 30 (2): 277–292.

[38]. Yadav, H.R. (2005). Geotechnical evaluation and analysis of Delhi metro tunnels (Doctoral dissertation).

[39]. Soni, S. (2015). Static and dynamic response of Delhi metro tunnels (Doctoral dissertation, IIT Delhi).

[40]. Iyengar, R.N. (2000). Seismic status of Delhi megacity. Current Science, 78(5): 568-574.

[41]. Draft- Hazard and Risk Assessment, http://web.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DOIT_DM/risks%20and%20 vulnerability-1.pdf

[42]. Lysmer, J. and Kuhlemeyer, R.L. (1969). Finite dynamic model for infinite media. Journal of the engineering mechanics division, 95(4): 859-877.

[43]. BIS, I. (2000). 456 (2000) Plain and reinforced concrete-Code of Practice. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

[44]. Terzaghi K, Richart FE. Stress in rock about cavities. Geotechnique 1952; 3(2):57– 90

[45]. Bray, J. (1987). Analytical and computational methods in engineering rock mechanics. Taylor & Francis.

[46]. Dhadse, G.D., Ramtekkar, G.D., and Bhatt, G. (2021). Finite element modeling of soil structure interaction system with interface: a review. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 28, 3415-3432.

[47]. J.P. Carter, C.S. Desai, D.M. Potts, H.F. Schweiger, and S.W. Sloan, Computing and computer modelling in geotechnical engineering. Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (GeoEng2000): Melbourne, vol. I (2000): 1157-1252.

[48]. P.C.F. Ng, I.C. Pyrah, and W.F. Anderson, Assessment of three interface elements and modification of the interface element in CRISP90. Computers and Geotechnics 21 (1997): 315-339.

[49]. R. Goodman, R. Taylor, and T. Brekke, A model for the mechanics of jointed rock. Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division 99 (1968): 637-659.

[50]. R.A. Day and D.M. Potts, Zero thickness interface elements ̾ numerical stability and application. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994): 689̽ 708.

[51]. Hashash YMA, Hook JJ, Schmidt B, and Yao JI-C. Seismic design, and analysis of underground structures. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2001; 16:247–93

[52]. Merritt, J.L., Monsees, J.E., and Hendron, A.J., (1985). Seismic design of underground structures: Proc of the 1985 Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference, New York. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science & Geomechanics Abstracts, Volume 23, Issue 6, 255-282.

Journal of Mining and Environment

A Study on Seismic Analysis of Underground Tunnels for Delhi Metro

References

References

Volume 14, Issue 3
July 2023
Pages 731-754

A Study on Seismic Analysis of Underground Tunnels for Delhi Metro

References

References

Volume 14, Issue 3July 2023Pages 731-754

Volume 14, Issue 3
July 2023
Pages 731-754