Document Type : Original Research Paper
Authors
1 Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India
2 Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
Abstract
The goal of this research work was to use an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to predict the ultimate bearing capacity of circular footing resting on recycled construction waste over loose sand. A series of plate load tests were conducted by varying the thickness of two sizes of recycled construction waste (5 mm and 10.6 mm) layer (0.4d, 0.6d, 0.8d, 1d, and 1.2d, d: diameter of footing) prepared at different relative densities (30%, 50%, and 70%) overlaying. The ultimate bearing capacity obtained for various combinations was used to develop the ANN model. The input parameters of the ANN model were thickness of recycled construction waste layer to diameter of circular footing ratio, angle of internal friction of sand, unit weight of sand, angle of internal friction of recycled construction waste and unit weight of recycled construction waste, and the model's output parameter was ultimate bearing capacity. The FANN-SIGMOD_SYMMETRIC model with topology 3-2-1 provided a higher estimate of the ultimate bearing capacity of circular footing, according to the ANN findings. The sensitivity analysis also revealed that the unit weight of sand and angle of internal friction of sand had insignificant effects on ultimate bearing capacity. The estimated ultimate bearing capacity was most affected by the angle of internal friction of recycled construction waste. The result of multiple linear regression analysis was not as good as the ANN model at predicting the ultimate bearing capacity.
Keywords
Main Subjects
[1]. Abid, S. (2017). Stabilization of Soil Using Chemical Methods. International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering and Research, 3(9), 104–121.
[2]. Al-Obaydi, M. A., Abdulnafaa, M. D., Atasoy, O. A., & Cabalar, A. F. (2022). Improvement in Field CBR Values of Subgrade Soil Using Construction-Demolition Materials. Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology, 9(2), 185–205.
[3]. Aljuari, K. A., Fattah, M. Y., & Ali, H. E. (2021). Numerical Analysis of Treatment of Highly Expansive Soil by Partial Replacement with Crushed Concrete. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 856(1).
[4]. Angurana, D. I., Yadav, J. S., & Khatri, V. N. K. (2023). Estimation of Uplift Capacity of Helical Pile Resting in Cohesionless Soil. Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology.
[5]. Arulrajah, A., Piratheepan, J., Disfani, M. M., & Bo, M. W. (2013). Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Properties of Recycled Construction and Demolition Materials in Pavement Subbase Applications. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25(8), 1077–1088.
[6]. Blayi, R. A., Sherwani, A. F. H., Ibrahim, H. H., Faraj, R. H., & Daraei, A. (2020). Strength improvement of expansive soil by utilizing waste glass powder. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 13, e00427.
[7]. Boger, Z., & Guterman, H. (1997). Knowledge extraction from artificial neural networks models. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 4, 3030–3035.
[8]. Cabalar, A. F., Zardikawi, O. A. A., & Abdulnafaa, M. D. (2019). Utilisation of construction and demolition materials with clay for road pavement subgrade. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 20(3), 702–714.
[9]. Cardoso, R., Silva, R. V., Brito, de J., & Dhir, R. (2016). Use of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste in geotechnical applications: A literature review. Waste Management, 49, 131–145.
[10]. Chaudhary, V., Yadav, J. S., & Dutta, R. (2023). Geotechnical properties of bentonite mixed with nanosilica. Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling, Experiments and Design, (2016).
[11]. Daraei, A., Herki, B. M. A., Sherwani, A. F. H., & Zare, S. (2018). Slope Stability in Swelling Soils Using Cement Grout: A Case Study. International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 4(1), 0.
[12]. Daraei, A., Sherwani, A. F. H., Faraj, R. H., Mohammad, S., Kurdo, S., Zare, S., & Mahmoodzadeh, A. (2019). Stabilization of problematic soil by utilizing cementitious materials. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 4(1).
[13]. Das, S. K., & Basudhar, P. K. (2006). Undrained lateral load capacity of piles in clay using artificial neural network. Computers and Geotechnics, 33(8), 454–459.
[14]. Dash, S. K., Rajagopal, K., & Krishnaswamy, N. R. (2004). Performance of different geosynthetic reinforcement materials in sand foundations. Geosynthetics International, 11(1), 35–42.
[15]. Debats, J. M., & Sims, M. (1997). Vibroflotation in reclamations in Hong Kong. Ground Improvement, 1(3), 127–145.
[16]. Dutta, R. K., Dutta, K., & Jeevanandham, S. (2015). Prediction of Deviator Stress of Sand Reinforced with Waste Plastic Strips Using Neural Network. International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-015-0013-7
[17]. Dutta, R. K., & Yadav, J. S. (2021). The impact of alccofine inclusion on the engineering properties of bentonite. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 5, 100301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100301
[18]. Fu, J., Haeri, H., Sarfarazi, V., Asgari, K., Ebneabbasi, P., Fatehi Marji, M., & Guo, M. (2022). Extended finite element method simulation and experimental test on failure behavior of defects under uniaxial compression. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 29(27), 6966–6981.
[19]. Ganiron, T. U. J. (2015). Recycling Concrete Debris from Construction and Demolition Waste. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 77, 7–24.
[20]. Garson, G. (1991). Interpreting neural-network connection weights. AI Expert 6(4):46–51, 1991.
[21]. Golewski, G. L. (2022). The Specificity of Shaping and Execution of Monolithic Pocket Foundations (PF) in Hall Buildings. Buildings, 12(2).
[22]. Golewski, G. L. (2023a). Combined Effect of Coal Fly Ash (CFA) and Nanosilica (nS) on the Strength Parameters and Microstructural Properties of Eco-Friendly Concrete. Energies, 16(1).
[23]. Golewski, G. L. (2023b). Concrete Composites Based on Quaternary Blended Cements with a Reduced Width of Initial Microcracks. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 13(12).
[24]. Golewski, G. L. (2023c). Mechanical properties and brittleness of concrete made by combined fly ash, silica fume and nanosilica with ordinary Portland cement. AIMS Materials Science, 10(3), 390–404.
[25]. Golewski, G. L. (2023d). The Phenomenon of Cracking in Cement Concretes and Reinforced Concrete Structures: The Mechanism of Cracks Formation, Causes of Their Initiation, Types and Places of Occurrence, and Methods of Detection—A Review. Buildings, 13(3).
[26]. Gupta, R., & Trivedi, A. (2009). Bearing capacity and settlement of footing resting on confined loose silty sands. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 14 A, 1–17.
[27]. Haeri, H., & Sarfarazi, V. (2016). The deformable multilaminate for predicting the Elasto-Plastic behavior of rocks. Computers and Concrete, 18(2), 201–214.
[28]. Haeri, H., Shahriar, K., Marji, M. F., & Moarefvand, P. (2013). Simulating the bluntness of TBM Disc Cutters in Rocks using Displacement Discontinuity Method. 13th International Conference on Fracture 2013, ICF 2013, 2, 1414–1423.
[29]. Henzinger, C., & Heyer, D. (2018). Soil improvement using recycled aggregates from demolition waste. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Ground Improvement, 171(2), 74–81.
[30]. https://firagiel.com/web/technical-software/agiel-neural-network/. (n.d.).
[31]. Iqbal, M. R., Hashimoto, K., Tachibana, S., & Kawamoto, K. (2019). Geotechnical properties of sludge blended with crushed concrete and incineration ash. International Journal of GEOMATE, 16(57), 116–123.
[32]. Islam, A., Fahim Badhon, F., Abedin, Z., Islam, M. A., Badhon, F. F., & Abedin, M. Z. (2017). Relation between Effective Particle Size and Angle of Internal Friction of Cohesionless Soil. Architecture and Civil Engineering, (April 2020). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340903320
[33]. Jain, A., & Chawda, A. (2016). Apraisal of Demolished Concrete Coarse and Fines for Stabilization of Clayey Soil. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 5(9), 715–719.
[34]. Jain, R. K. (2013). A Study on Eco Friendly use of Recycled Rubber Tyres. Direct Research Journal of Engineering and Information Technology, 1(2), 23–37.
[35]. Karkush, M. O., & Yassin, S. (2019). Improvement of Geotechnical Properties of Cohesive Soil Using Crushed Concrete. Civil Engineering Journal, 5(10), 2110–2119.
[36]. Ladd, R. (1979). Preparing test specimens using undercompaction. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 16(3), 50.
[37]. Mullins, G., Winters, D., & Dapp, S. (2006). Predicting End Bearing Capacity of Post-Grouted Drilled Shaft in Cohesionless Soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(4), 478–487.
[38]. Olden, J. D., & Jackson, D. A. (2002). Illuminating the “black box”: A randomization approach for understanding variable contributions in artificial neural networks. Ecological Modelling, 154(1–2), 135–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00064-9
[39]. Ornek, M., Laman, M., Demir, A., & Yildiz, A. (2012). Prediction of bearing capacity of circular footings on soft clay stabilized with granular soil. Soils and Foundations, 52(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.01.002
[40]. Sarfarazi, V., & Haeri, H. (2018). Three-dimensional numerical modeling of effect of bedding layer on the tensile failure behavior in hollow disc models using Particle Flow Code (PFC3D). Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 68(5), 537–547.
[41]. Sarfarazi, V., Haeri, H., Ebneabbasi, P., Bagher Shemirani, A., & Hedayat, A. (2018). Determination of tensile strength of concrete using a novel apparatus. Construction and Building Materials, 166, 817–832.
[42]. Sethy, B. P., Patra, C., Das, B. M., & Sobhan, K. (2021). Prediction of ultimate bearing capacity of circular foundation on sand layer of limited thickness using artificial neural network. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 15(10), 1252–1267.
[43]. Sharma, A., & Sharma, R. K. (2020). Strength and Drainage Characteristics of Poor Soils Stabilized with Construction Demolition Waste. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 38(5), 4753–4760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01324-3
[44]. Sharma, V., Kumar, A., & Kapoor, K. (2019). Sustainable deployment of crushed concrete debris and geotextile to improve the load carrying capacity of granular soil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 228, 124–134.
[45]. Soni, H., Saini, A., & Yadav, J. S. (2022). Behaviour of Square Footing Over Recycled Concrete Aggregate Resting on Loose Sand: Integrated Experimental and Numerical Analyses. International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 8(5), 1–16.
[46]. Swarna, S., Tezeswi, T. P., & Kumar, S. (2022). Implementing construction waste management in India: An extended theory of planned behaviour approach. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 27(February), 102401.
[47]. Tabatabaie Shourijeh, P., Masoudi Rad, A., Heydari Bahman Bigloo, F., & Binesh, S. M. (2022). Application of recycled concrete aggregates for stabilization of clay reinforced with recycled tire polymer fibers and glass fibers. Construction and Building Materials, 355(May), 129172.
[48]. Thakur, A., & Dutta, R. K. (2021). Study of bearing capacity of skirted irregular pentagonal footings on different sands. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 1(105), 5–17.
[49]. Verma, G., & Kumar, B. (2023). Artificial Neural Network Equations for Predicting the Modified Proctor Compaction Parameters of Fine-Grained Soil. Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology, 10, 424–447.
[50]. Wang, L., Zhang, P., Golewski, G., & Guan, J. (2023). Editorial: Fabrication and properties of concrete containing industrial waste. Frontiers in Materials, 10(March), 2022–2023.
[51]. Yadav, J. S, Garg, A., & Tiwari, S. K. (2019). Strength and ductility behaviour of rubberised cemented clayey soil Authors. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement.
[52]. Yadav, Jitendra Singh. (2020). Feasibility study on utilisation of clay–waste tyre rubber mix as construction material. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.19.00114
[53]. Yadav, Jitendra Singh, & Tiwari, S. K. (2016). Behaviour of cement stabilized treated coir fibre-reinforced clay-pond ash mixtures. Journal of Building Engineering, 8, 131–140.
[54]. Zhang, G., Ding, Z., Zhang, R., Chen, C., Fu, G., Luo, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, C. (2022). Combined Utilization of Construction and Demolition Waste and Propylene Fiber in Cement-Stabilized Soil. Buildings, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030350
)