Document Type : Original Research Paper
Authors
1 Centre for Disaster Mitigation & Management (CDMM), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
2 School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive study on the stability of the deep underground closed Kolar Gold Fields mine (3.2 km deep) under varying seismic loading conditions. The study utilized the Finite Element Method (FEM)-based Midas GTS NX software tool to conduct numerical simulations of seismic loads of varying intensities under multiple conditions of water level in the mine voids. The seismic loads applied were equivalent to the intensity of maximum mining-induced seismicity experienced in the mine. The study also examined the influence of the Mysore North Fault and its effects on the surface above the mining area. A seismic hazard vulnerability map of the mining area was developed based on the results for all simulated numerical model combinations. The results inferred that for a seismic load of PGA, 0.22 g, for fault and actual water level combination, very strong shaking and moderate potential surface damage were observed at vulnerable zones with a maximum PGA of 0.196 g and Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) of 0.49 m/s. The study highlights the importance of monitoring post-mining induced seismic activities using a dedicated microseismic monitoring system with sensors placed at the most vulnerable zone locations assessed from the numerical modelling studies carried out. Remedial measures suggested include regular dewatering of mine workings based on water accumulation and backfilling of mine voids with suitable fill material. The dynamic modelling approach using Midas GTS NX was found to be a more reliable, feasible, efficient, and simple method for assessing the stability of closed mines.
Keywords
Main Subjects
[1]. Durrheim, R. J., Anderson, R. L., Cichowicz, A., Ebrahim-Trollope, R., Hubert, G., Kijko, A., McGarr, A., Ortlepp, W. D., & van der Merwe N. (2006). The Risks to Miners, Mines and the Public posed by Large Seismic Events in the Gold Mining Districts of South Africa, Proceedings, of the Third International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining, Quebec City, Canada, 2-4 October.
[2]. Simpson, D. (1986). Triggered earthquakes. Ann. Rev. Earth Plan. Sci., 14, 21-42.
[3]. Gupta, H.K. (1992). Reservoir induced earthquakes. Volume 64, Elsevier.
[4]. Deichmann, N., Kraft, T., & Evans, K. (2014). Mapping of faults activated by the stimulation of the Basel enhanced geothermal system. Geothermics, 52, 74-83.
[5]. McGarr, A., Simpson, D., & Seeber, L. (2002). Case histories of induced and triggered seismicity. Academic Press. volume International Handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology of International Geophysics Series, chapter 40, 647-661.
[6]. Davies, R., Foulger, G., Bindley, A., & Styles, P. (2013). Induced seismicity and hydraulic fracturing for the recovery of hydrocarbons. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 45, 171-185.
[7]. Gokhan, Kulekçi, Ali, Osman & Yilmaz (2019). Investigation of the Effect of Activities in Copper Mine on Historical Works. Journal of underground resources, Year:8, 16.
[8]. Martyna, Szydlowska (2016). Systematic review of Georisk in underground hard rock mines. Master’s Dissertation, European Mining, Minerals and Environmental Program, Aalto University.
[9]. Gibowicz, S. J. (1990). Seismicity Induced by Mining. Advances in Geophysics, vol. 32, 1-74.
[10]. Boettcher, M. S., D. L. Kane, A. McGarr, M. J. Johnston, & Z. E. Reches (2015). Moment tensors and other source parameters of mining-induced earthquakes in TauTona Mine, South Africa. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 105, 1576-1593.
[11]. Arora, S. K., Willy, Y. A., Srinivasan, C., & Benady, S. (2001). Local Seismicity due to Rockbursts and near-Field Attenuation of Ground Motion in the Kolar Gold Mining Region, India. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 38(5), 711-719.
[12]. Lizurek, G., Rudzinski, L., & Plesiewicz, B. (2015). Mining Induced Seismic Event on an Inactive Fault. Acta Geophysica, 63(1), 176-200.
[13]. Orlecka-Sikora, B., Lasocki, S., Lizurek, G., & Rudziński, Ł. (2012). Response of seismic activity in mines to the stress changes due to mining induced strong seismic events. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 53, 151-158.
[14]. Morissette, P. & Hadjigeorgiou, J. (2019). Ground support design for dynamic loading conditions: A quantitative data-driven approach based on rockburst case studies. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
[15]. Larsson, K. (2004). Mining Induced Seismicity in Sweden. Licentiate thesis, Lulea University of Technology.
[16]. Li, T., Cai, M. F., & Cai, M. (2007). A review of mining-induced seismicity in China. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 44(8), 1149-1171.
[17]. Marty, Hudyma, Peter, Mikula & Michelle, Owen (2002). Seismic Hazard Mapping at Mt. Charlotte Mine. Conference: Proceedings 6th North American Rock Mechanics Symposium Mining and Tunneling: Innovation and Opportunity at Toronto, Canada.
[18]. Hudyma, M. R. (2008). Analysis and Interpretation of Clusters of Seismic Events in Mines. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Western Australia.
[19]. Hills, P.B., Mills, J., Penney, A.R., & Arthur, S. (2008). The development and implementation of a fully remote stoping method at Beaconsfield Gold Mine, Tasmania. In Proceedings, of the Narrow Vein Mining Conference, The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, 199-206.
[20]. Varden, R. & Esterhuizen, H. (2012). Kanowna Belle ‒ evolution of seismicity with increasing depth in an ageing mine. In Y Potvin (ed.), Deep Mining 2012: Proceedings of the Sixth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 211-227.
[21]. Dineva, S. & Boskovic, M. (2017). Evolution of seismicity at Kiruna Mine. Deep Mining 2017: Eighth International Conference on Deep and High Stress Mining - J Wesseloo (ed.) © 2017, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth.
[22]. Isabelle, Contrucci, Dalija, Namjesnik, Peter, Niemz, Paloma, Primo, Andrzej, Kotyrba, Grzegorz, Mutke, Petr, Konicek, Pascal, Dominique, Tobias, Rudolph, Stefan, Mollerherm, Jannes, Kinscher, Emmanuelle, Klein & Simone, Cesca (2023). European feedback on post-mining seismicity. Journal of Sustainable Mining, 22, 195-218.
[23]. Handley, M. F. (2013). Pre-mining stress model for subsurface excavations in Southern Africa. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. 113(6), 449-471.
[24]. Joanna, Holmgren (2015). Induced Seismicity in the Dannemora Mine, Sweden. Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Published at Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala.
[25]. Laura, Longoni, Monica, Papini, Davide, Brambilla, Diego, Arosio, & Luigi, Zanzi (2016). The risk of collapse in abandoned mine sites: the issue of data uncertainty. Open Geosciences 2016, 8, 246-258.
[26]. Emilio, Trigueros, Manuel, Canovas, Javier, Arzúa, & Manuel, Alcaraz (2021). Stability of an abandoned siderite mine: A case study in northern Spain. Open Geosciences 2021, 13, 359-376.
[27]. Geniş, M. & Aydan, O. (2020). Dynamic Analyses of Abandoned Mines During Earthquakes. Environmental Geotechnics, 1-12.
[28]. Ryder, J.A. (1988). Excess shear stress in the assessment of geologically hazardous situations. J. South African Inst. Min. Metall., 88, 27-39.
[29]. Spottiswoode, S.M. (1990). Volume excess shear stress and commutative seismic moments. In:Fairhurst C (Editor) Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines, Balkema, Rotterdam, 39-49.
[30]. Hedley, D.G. F. (1992). Rockburst handbook for Ontario Hardrock mines. CANMET Special Report SP92-1E, 305.
[31]. Malovichko, D.A. (2017). Assessment and testing of seismic hazard for planned mining sequences. Deep Mining 2017: Eighth International Conference on Deep and High Stress Mining - Wesseloo J (ed.) Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth.
[32]. Poplawski, F.P. (1997). Seismicity underground with particular reference to rockburst problems at Mt. Charlotte mine. Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 319.
[33]. Wiles, T.D. (1998). Correlation between Local Energy Release Density and Observed Bursting Conditions at Creighton Mine. Mine Modelling Pty Ltd report, Mt Eliza, Australia, 3930.
[34]. Beck, B.A. & Brady, B.H.G. (2002). Evaluation and application of controlling parameters for seismic events in hard-rock mines. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 39, 633-642.
[35]. Bolt, B.A. & Abrahamson, N.A. (2003). Estimate of Strong Seismic Ground Motions. In International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, IASPEI, Part B.
[36]. Hudyma, M.R. (2004). Mining-induced seismicity in underground, mechanised, Hardrock mines-results of a World Wide Survey. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Research Report, Perth.
[37]. Orlecka-Sikora, B., Papadimitriou, E. E., & Kwiatek, G. (2009). A study of the interaction among mining-induced seismic events in the Legnica-Głogów Copper District, Poland. Acta Geophysica, 57(2), 413-434.
[38]. Sarfraz, Ali (2016). Evaluation of flooding induced mining seismicity with a view to characterize safety margins for surface structures under existing and flooded conditions in the Central Rand, Johannesburg. Doctoral Dissertation, the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
[39]. Brown, L. & Hudyma, M. (2017). Identifying local stress increase using a relative apparent stress ratio for populations of mining-induced seismic events. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 54(1), 128-137.
[40]. Kijko, A. (1997). Keynote lecture: Seismic hazard assessment in mines. In Proc. 4th Int. Symp. on Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines (eds. Gibowicz, S.J. and Lasocki, S.), Balkema, Rotterdam, 247-256.
[41]. Lasocki, S. (2008). Some unique statistical properties of the seismic process in mines. Proceedings of the 1st Southern Hemisphere International Rock Mechanics Symposium, (Editors: Potvin Y, Carter J, Dyskin A, and Jeffrey R) Perth, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Vol. 1, 667-678.
[42]. Ping, Wang, Ze, Zhao, Da, Zhang & Zeng, Chen (2023). Investigation of Microseismic Characteristics of Rock Burst Based on Fractal Theory. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 4613.
[43]. Changbin, Wang, Guangyao, Si, Chengguo, Zhang, Anye, Cao, Ismet, Canbulat (2023). Variation of seismicity using reinforced seismic data for coal burst risk assessment in underground mines. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Volume 165, 105363.
[44]. Voza, A., Valguarnera, L., Marrazzo, R., Ascari, G., & Boldini, D. (2023). A new in-situ test for the Assessment of the Rock‑Burst Alarm Threshold during Tunnelling. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 56, 1645-1661.
[45]. Meifeng, Cai (2015). Prediction and prevention of rockburst in metal mines: A case study of Sanshandao gold mine. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 1-8.
[46]. Arciszewski, T. & Ziarko, W. (1992). Machine learning in knowledge acquisition. In: Arciszewski, T., Rossman, L.A. (Eds.), Knowledge acquisition in civil engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 50-68.
[47]. Michalski, R.S., Michalski, I., Bratko, I., & Kubat, M. (1998). Machine learning and data mining: methods and applications, Wiley.
[48]. Leu, S.S., Lo, H.C. (2004). Neural-network-based regression model of ground surface settlement induced by deep excavation. Automation in Construction, 10, 429-441.
[49]. Barkat, Ullah, Muhammad, Kamran, & Yichao, Rui (2022). Predictive Modeling of Short-Term Rockburst for the Stability of Subsurface Structures Using Machine Learning Approaches: t-SNE, K-Means Clustering and XGBoost. Mathematics, 10, 449.
[50]. Muhammad, Kamran (2021). A State-of-the-art Catboost-based T-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding Technique to Predict Back-break at Dewan Cement Limestone Quarry. Journal of Mining and Environment, Vol. 12(3), 679-691.
[51]. Muhammad, Kamran, Ridho, Kresna, Wattimena, Danial, Jahed, Armaghani, Panagiotis, G., Asteris, Izhar, Mithal, Jiskani, & Edy, Tonnizam, Mohamad (2023). Intelligent based decision-making strategy to predict fire intensity in subsurface engineering environments. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 171, 374-384.
[52]. Jing, L. (2003). A review of techniques, advances and outstanding issues in numerical modelling for rock mechanics and rock engineering. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 40(3), 283-353.
[53]. Alemdag, Selcuk, Zeybek, Halil, Ibrahim, Kulekci, Gokhan (2019). Stability evaluation of the Gumuşhane-Akçakale cave by numerical analysis method. J. Mt. Sci., 16(9), 2150-2158.
[54]. Srinivasan, C., Benady, S., & Sivakumar, C. (2000). Fluid induced seismicity in Kolar Mining Region. In: Proc. Workshop on Dam Safety Including Instrumentation of Dams, Trivandrum, November 15-17.
[55]. Srinivasan, C., Willy, Y.A., & Carter, R.M. (2013). Characteristics of Rockbursts in the flooded mines of Kolar Gold Field. 8th International Symposium on Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines, Moscow, Russia.
[56]. Praveena, Das, Jennifer, Balasubramanian, V.R., Goverdhan, K., & Ganapathy, G.P. (2016). Overview of seismic monitoring and assessment of seismic hazard based on a decade of seismic events. Proc. of the International Conference on Recent Advances in Rock Engineering, Bengaluru, India, November 16-18, 238-245.
[57]. Praveena, Das, Jennifer, Sripad, R., Naik, Porchelvan, P., & Harsha, Tadavarthi (2021). Stability analysis of an abandoned deep metal mine using numerical analysis tool: A case study. ISRM regional conference -11th Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium (ARMS 11) China, IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Earth and Environmental Science Journal, 861(3), 032091.
[58]. Panduranga, R., Dharuman, R., Purusottaman, D., & Mishra, A.K. (2009). A Report on Geotechnical Evaluation of Rockburst Hazard in BGML area, Kolar Gold Fields, Kolar District, Karnataka. Geological Survey of India, FS 2005-07.
[59]. Hoek, E. & Brown, E.T. (2019). The Hoek–Brown failure criterion and GSI-2018 edition. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 11(3), 445-63.
[60]. Housner, G.W. & Jennings, P.C. (1964). Generation of artificial earthquakes. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division (American Society of Civil Engineers), 90, 113-150.
[61]. Srinivasan, C., Yesurathenam, Willy, & Gupta, Iswar (2010). Estimation of the local magnitude of rockbursts using strong motion accelerograms in the mines of Kolar Gold Fields. Acta Geophysica, 58(2), 300-316.
[62]. Kulekci, G. & Ali, Yılmaz (2018). A case study on the effects of stone quarries on environment and agricultural land. Bahce 47, 230-237.
[63]. Kulekci, G., Ali, Yılmaz & Cullu, M. (2021). Experimental investigation of the usability of construction waste as aggregate. Journal of Mining and Environment, 12 (1), 63-76.
)