Smily Vishwakarma; Dr Dharmendra; Deven Singh
Abstract
The present study is based on data collection from some of the WWTPs (wastewater treatment plants) of the Himachal Pradesh region, and to investigate the range of physico-chemical characteristics of conventional WWTPs, which receive wastewater from different zones in different cities in Himachal Pradesh. ...
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The present study is based on data collection from some of the WWTPs (wastewater treatment plants) of the Himachal Pradesh region, and to investigate the range of physico-chemical characteristics of conventional WWTPs, which receive wastewater from different zones in different cities in Himachal Pradesh. Five parameters are measured and analyzed in this research work. They are pH, suspended solids (mg/L), biological oxygen demand (mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (mg/L), and oil and grease (mg/L). The parameters are compared seasonally to help improve the performance, and operational conditions of WWTPs are with the standard parameters range according to APHA (American Public Health Association), standard examination methods of water, and wastewater seasonal in parameters. Seasonal variations in physico-chemical properties are noticeable. The study analyzes the physico-chemical parameters of wastewater from various Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) across six districts in Himachal Pradesh, India, revealing variations in water quality across different seasons and locations. The study highlights the need for proper treatment and management of wastewater to prevent environmental pollution and protect public health. The findings could be useful for the policy-makers and authorities responsible for wastewater management in the region.
Patrick MUHIZI
Abstract
Excessive amounts of fluoride present in underground water sources are a major health concern worldwide. This study presents a new way to address the global health issue of high fluoride concentrations in groundwater using the abundantly available and cost-effective adsorbent material activated kaolinite ...
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Excessive amounts of fluoride present in underground water sources are a major health concern worldwide. This study presents a new way to address the global health issue of high fluoride concentrations in groundwater using the abundantly available and cost-effective adsorbent material activated kaolinite clay “WR@KN”. The physical and chemical activation methods are employed to enhance its adsorption capacity. The optimum conditions for fluoride removal are determined through batch adsorption experiments, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 0.745 mg/g at pH 6, a particle size of 10 µm, a mixing speed of 210 rpm, a temperature of 24 °C, an initial fluoride concentration of 5.5 mg/L, a dose of 0.7 g activated WR@KN, and a contact period of 240 minutes. WR@KN successfully removes fluoride ions from 5.5 to 0.28 mg/L. The Langmuir isotherm model is found to be the most suitable for describing the adsorption behavior of fluoride on the WR@KN surface with an R2 of 0.99984. The adsorption kinetic modeling shows that the pseudo-second-order model is the best fit with 0.754 mg/g, indicating that the fluoride adsorption process is chemisorption. The exothermic nature of the fluoride adsorption process is confirmed by a negative value of ΔH° (-77.08). The regenerated WR@KN adsorbent could remove fluoride effectively for the first four cycles but its performance deteriorated in the subsequent cycles. Increasing the ionic strength enhances the fluoride removal efficiency. Overall, the results suggest that the WR@KN adsorbent can be a promising material for cost-effective fluoride removal from groundwater.