Document Type : Original Research Paper
Authors
1 Faculty of Engineering, Hormozgan University, Hormozgan, Iran
2 Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Torbat Heydarieh, Iran
3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran Smart Microgrid Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
4 Faculty of Computer Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran Big Data Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran
Abstract
The Bavanapadu-Nuvvalarevu coastal sector in Andhra Pradesh, India, hosts substantial subsurface heavy mineral (HM) resources, presenting significant economic potential. This study employs ArcGIS raster techniques to estimate Total Heavy Mineral (THM) and Total Economic Heavy Mineral (TEHM) resources in a 39 square kilometers area, integrating geospatial analysis with field data from core sediment samples. The findings reveal a total of 2.681953 million tons of THM, including 2.434422 million tons of TEHM, with the highest concentration observed in the top 1-meter sea bed sediment layer (1.605286 million tons). Ilmenite, garnet, and sillimanite dominate the mineral assemblage, accompanied by smaller quantities of zircon, monazite, and rutile, offering an estimated revenue potential of $634 to $851 million USD. The application of ArcGIS methodologies, particularly inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation, enabled precise mapping of HM distribution, despite challenges such as wide sample spacing and shallow core penetration. While the study highlights the economic and industrial significance of the Bavanapadu sector, it also underscores environmental concerns, including habitat disruption and sediment degradation, associated with mining. Sustainable practices, such as advanced separation technologies, site rehabilitation, and comprehensive environmental impact assessments (EIAs), are essential to mitigate ecological impacts. This research demonstrates the efficacy of GIS-based techniques in resource estimation and sustainable mining, offering a replicable framework for coastal and offshore mineral resource management globally. The findings provide critical insights into balancing economic growth with environmental preservation, setting a benchmark for responsible heavy mineral extraction in dynamic coastal environments.
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