Exploitation
H. Moini; F. Mohammad Torab
Abstract
Kriging is an advanced geostatistical procedure that generates an estimated surface or 3D model from a scattered set of points. This method can be used for estimating resources using a grid of sampled boreholes. However, conventional ordinary kriging (OK) is unable to take locally varying anisotropy ...
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Kriging is an advanced geostatistical procedure that generates an estimated surface or 3D model from a scattered set of points. This method can be used for estimating resources using a grid of sampled boreholes. However, conventional ordinary kriging (OK) is unable to take locally varying anisotropy (LVA) into account. A numerical approach has been presented that generates an LVA field by calculating the anisotropy parameters (direction and magnitude) in each cell of the estimation grid. After converting the shortest anisotropic distances to Euclidean distances in the grid, they can be used in variography and kriging equations (LVAOK). The ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is a nature-inspired metaheuristic method that is applied to extract image features. A program has been developed based on the application of ACO algorithm, in which the ants choose their paths based on the LVA parameters and act as a moving average window on a primary interpolated grid. If the initial parameters of the ACO algorithm are properly set, the ants would be able to simulate the mineralization paths along continuities. In this research work, Choghart iron ore deposit with 2,447 composite borehole samples was studied with LVA-kriging and ACO algorithm. The outputs were cross-validated with the 111,131 blast hole samples and the Jenson-Shannon (JS) criterion. The obtained results show that the ACO algorithm outperforms both LVAOK and OK (with a correlation coefficient value of 0.65 and a JS value of 0.025). Setting the parameters by trial-and-error is the main problem of the ACO algorithm.
Exploitation
P. Afzal; M. Yusefi; M. Mirzaie; E. Ghadiri-Sufi; S. Ghasemzadeh; L. Daneshvar Saein
Abstract
The aim of this work was to delineate the prospects of podiform-type chromite by staged factor analysis and geochemical mineralization prospectivity index in Balvard area, SE Iran. The stream sediment data and fault density were used as the exploration features for prospectivity modeling in the studied ...
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The aim of this work was to delineate the prospects of podiform-type chromite by staged factor analysis and geochemical mineralization prospectivity index in Balvard area, SE Iran. The stream sediment data and fault density were used as the exploration features for prospectivity modeling in the studied area. In this regard, two continuous fuzzified evidence layers were generated and integrated using fuzzy operator. Then fractal modeling was used for defuzzification of the prospectivity model obtained. Furthermore, the prediction-area plot was used for evaluation of the predictive ability of the generated target areas. The results obtained showed that using the prospectivity model, 82% of mineral occurrences was predicted in 18% of the studied area. In addition, the target areas were correlated with the geological particulars including ultrabasic and serpentinization rocks, the host rocks of the podiform-type chromite deposit type.
Exploitation
H. Shahsavani
Abstract
Recently, the non-destructive methods have become of interest to the scientists in various fields. One of these method is Ground Penetration Radar (GPR), which can provide a valuable information from underground structures in a friendly environment and cost-effective way. To increase the signal-to-noise ...
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Recently, the non-destructive methods have become of interest to the scientists in various fields. One of these method is Ground Penetration Radar (GPR), which can provide a valuable information from underground structures in a friendly environment and cost-effective way. To increase the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of the GPR data, multi-fold acquisition is performed, and the Common-Mid-Points (CMPs) are acquired. Compared to the traditional CMP method, which is applied to a CMP, the Common-Reflection-Surface (CRS) method is introduced for seismic data processing considering the neighboring CMPs. In addition, instead of a point on the reflector, CRS assumes that the reflector is part of a circle. With these two characteristics, CRS produces a stack section with a high S/N ratio. The Common-Diffraction-Surface (CDS) method, which is a simplified version of CRS, enhances the diffractors related to the underground anomalies like pipeline, flume, and caves. We apply the CDS stack method on a multi-fold GPR data and compare it to the CRS results. These results show that the CDS method can provide a high S/N ratio stack section compared to the traditional CMP method.
Exploitation
I. M. Jiskani; F. I. Siddiqui
Abstract
Faults are the most critical tectonic factors in geological structures, which have major economic impacts on mining economics. Thus it is necessary to understand faults in order to identify the actual risks and complications associated with mining. In the preliminary investigation of the Sonda-Jherruck ...
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Faults are the most critical tectonic factors in geological structures, which have major economic impacts on mining economics. Thus it is necessary to understand faults in order to identify the actual risks and complications associated with mining. In the preliminary investigation of the Sonda-Jherruck coalfield, 3D geological modeling was not performed. The purpose of this work was to perform fault orientation modeling in order to document pre-mine planning information and discuss the obstacles that may cause problems in mine planning and development stages. Using the drill hole data, 3D fault models based on the calculation of dip angle and dip direction were established. In the first step, surface models of coal seams were established by applying the triangulation method to the coal seam roof elevations. Then an appropriately oriented grid was overlain to regularize the data and to find the unknown points. The calculation of dip and dip direction was done using an algorithm. The models showing the variation in the dip and dip direction were generated using the inverse distance squared weighted (ID2W) interpolation technique. The generated 3D models were compared with the pre-existing fault lines (based on the aerial map). An attempt was made to create comprehensive models that demonstrate a better understanding of the faults in the studied area.
Exploitation
H. Nikoogoftar Safa; A. Hezarkhani
Abstract
In this paper, we aim to present a quantitative modeling for delineating the alteration zones and lithological units in the hypogene zone of Masjed-Daghi Cu-Au porphyry deposit (NW Iran) based on the drill core data. The main goal of this work is to apply Ordinary Kriging (OK) and concentration-volume ...
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In this paper, we aim to present a quantitative modeling for delineating the alteration zones and lithological units in the hypogene zone of Masjed-Daghi Cu-Au porphyry deposit (NW Iran) based on the drill core data. The main goal of this work is to apply Ordinary Kriging (OK) and concentration-volume (C-V) fractal model based on Cu grades in order to separate the different alteration zones and lithological units. Initially, anisotropy was investigated and modeled based on calculating the experimental semi-variograms of the Cu values, and the main variography directions were identified and evaluated. Then a block model of the Cu grades was generated using the kriging, and the estimation obtained for OK was applied to the C-V fractal model. The C–V log–log plot based on the estimation method represents the various alteration and lithological zones via threshold values. The comparison and interpretation of the alteration zones and lithological units based on the C–V fractal modeling proved that the method was acceptable and capable of correctly delineating the alteration and lithological units. Regarding the correlation derived from log ratio matrix (used to compare the geological model with the C-V fractal results), it was observed that Cu values less than 0.4% were obtained for OK overlapped voxels with the phyllic alteration zone by an overall accuracy (OA) of 0.737. The spatial correlation between the potassic alteration zones resulting from a 3D geological modeling and the high concentration zones in the C-V fractal model based on OK indicated that the alteration zone contained Cu values greater than 0.4% with OA of 0.791. Also using this method, trustworthy results were obtained for the rock units.
Exploitation
S. Tabasi; M. Kurdi; M. Bahrammanesh
Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate the potential of three different kinds of Iranian peat and swamp soils as sources of organic matter (OM) in the Golestan Province, Northern Iran. Comparison of the peats was done in terms of the degree of humification on the von Post scale. Moreover, the ...
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The objective of this work was to investigate the potential of three different kinds of Iranian peat and swamp soils as sources of organic matter (OM) in the Golestan Province, Northern Iran. Comparison of the peats was done in terms of the degree of humification on the von Post scale. Moreover, the X-ray fluorescence, X-Ray Diffractometry, and Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) techniques were used to investigate their mineralogical and geochemical properties. Also a method was tested for the sequential extraction of OM from Suteh peat, in which the following organic solvents were utilised in sequence: (I) ethyl ether, (II) ethanol, (III) 1,4-dioxane, and (IV) n-hexane; each extract was analysed by FT-IR spectroscopy, and the residue was used in the next phase. The results obtained indicated that OMOM extracted during each step was different; nevertheless, some spectral features such as those attributable to lignin, carbohydrate, phenol, wax, and fats were common to all phases. Major absorbance spectra were related to specific extraction steps, namely polysaccharide, proteins, alkyne, humic acids, esters, aldehydes, and cellulose.
Exploitation
B. Ünver; M.S. Ünal
Abstract
A daunting mine disaster took place in 13 May 2014 at Soma and 301 men lost their lives. Brief information about the Eynez coal mine and some of the inherent characteristics of the field in terms of their effects on mining are presented. This paper basically concentrates on the factors that played an ...
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A daunting mine disaster took place in 13 May 2014 at Soma and 301 men lost their lives. Brief information about the Eynez coal mine and some of the inherent characteristics of the field in terms of their effects on mining are presented. This paper basically concentrates on the factors that played an important role in the occurrence of this disaster. Progress of mine fire, firefighting, and rescue activities were only given in basics. Mine fire started suddenly without giving any sign at the hearth of the mine. Sudden occurrence of mine fire and start location properties reveal that the root cause of this disaster was probably not directly related to spontaneous heating of coal. Analysis of roof caving mechanism, subsidence profiles, production history, and overall conditions in the mine showed that the mine fire most probably started as a result of a sudden caving above the nearby sealed out old production panels. Upon caving, pressure of the gas present in uncaved voids and unconsolidated goaf must have increased and gas must have overflown through abundant cracks towards the mine. Gas exuding under moderate pressure might possibly be ignited by a non-ex-proof belt conveyor drive motor starting the mine fire.
Exploitation
M. Bavand Savadkoohi; B. Tokhmechi; E. Gloaguen; A.R. Arab-Amiri
Abstract
Computer graphics offer various gadgets to enhance the reconstruction of high-order statistics that are not correctly addressed by the two-point statistics approaches. Almost all the newly developed multiple-point geostatistics (MPS) algorithms, to some extent, adapt these techniques to increase the ...
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Computer graphics offer various gadgets to enhance the reconstruction of high-order statistics that are not correctly addressed by the two-point statistics approaches. Almost all the newly developed multiple-point geostatistics (MPS) algorithms, to some extent, adapt these techniques to increase the simulation accuracy and efficiency. In this work, a scrutiny comparison between our recently developed MPS algorithm, the cross-correlation-wavelet simulation (CCWSIM), and a well-known MPS algorithm, FILTERSIM, is performed. The main motivation to benchmark these two algorithms is that both exploit some digital image processing filters for feature extraction. Indeed, both algorithms compute the similarity (or dissimilarity) between data events in simulation grid and training image in the feature space. In order to compare the accuracy of the algorithms, some statistics such as facies proportion, variogram, and connectivity function are computed. The results obtained reveal an excellent agreement of the CCWSIM realizations with the training image rather than FILTERSIM. Furthermore, on average, the required simulation runtime for CCWSIM is at least 10 times less than that for FILTERSIM.
Exploitation
I. Masoumi; Gh.R. Kamali; O. Asghari
Abstract
Dilution can best be defined as the proportion of waste tonnage to the total weight of ore and waste in each block. Predicting the internal dilution based on geological boundaries of waste and ore in each block can help engineers to develop more reliable long-term planning designs in mining activities. ...
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Dilution can best be defined as the proportion of waste tonnage to the total weight of ore and waste in each block. Predicting the internal dilution based on geological boundaries of waste and ore in each block can help engineers to develop more reliable long-term planning designs in mining activities. This paper presents a method to calculate the geological internal dilution in each block and to correct the ultimate grade of each geological block according to the internal dilution values that have already been calculated for each one of them. In this regard, the input data is first indexed based on the lithological logs of drill holes. The occurrence probabilities of ore and waste in each block are calculated via 100 realizations using the sequential indicator simulation. Dilution is computed as the ratio of waste rock tonnage to the total tonnage of ore and waste. Furthermore, joint simulation of the continuous variables is performed for each mining block using the minimum/maximum auto-correlation factors. In the next step, for each block, the final grade variables including iron and iron oxide are computed by considering the calculated internal dilution. These analyses are applied to the Gohar Zamin iron ore deposit, and the actual internal dilution calculated based on the lithological logs of blast holes is compared with the same values obtained based on the proposed method in each block. The results obtained were found to be satisfactory.
Exploitation
K. Mostafaei; H. R. Ramazi
Abstract
Madan Bozorg is an active copper mine located in NE Iran, which is a part of the very wide copper mineralization zone named Miami-Sabzevar copper belt. The main goal of this research work is the 3D model construction of the induced polarization (IP) and resistivity (Rs) data with quantifying the uncertainties ...
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Madan Bozorg is an active copper mine located in NE Iran, which is a part of the very wide copper mineralization zone named Miami-Sabzevar copper belt. The main goal of this research work is the 3D model construction of the induced polarization (IP) and resistivity (Rs) data with quantifying the uncertainties using geostatistical methods and drilling. Four profiles were designed and surveyed using the CRSP array based on the boreholes. The data obtained was processed, 2D sections of IP and Rs were prepared for each profile by inverting the data, and these sections were evaluated by some exploratory boreholes in the studied area. Based on the geostatistical methods, 3D block models were constructed for the 2D IP and Rs data, and the uncertainties in the prepared models were obtained. The mineralization location was determined according to the geophysical detected anomalies. In order to check the models, some locations were proposed for drilling in the cases that the borehole data was unavailable. The drilling results indicated a high correlation between the identified anomalies from the models and mineralization in the boreholes. The results obtained show that it is possible to construct 3D models from surveyed 2D IP & Rs data with an acceptable error level. In this way, the suggested omitted drilling locations were optimized so that more potentials could be obtained for copper exploration by the least number of boreholes.
Exploitation
M. Mohseni; M. Ataei; R. Khaloo Kakaie
Abstract
Production planning in mineral exploitation should be undertaken to maximize exploited ore at a minimum unplanned dilution. Unplanned dilution reduction is among the ways to enhance the quality of products, and hence, reduce the associated costs, resulting in a higher profit. In this way, firstly, all ...
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Production planning in mineral exploitation should be undertaken to maximize exploited ore at a minimum unplanned dilution. Unplanned dilution reduction is among the ways to enhance the quality of products, and hence, reduce the associated costs, resulting in a higher profit. In this way, firstly, all the parameters contributing to unplanned dilution in underground stopes and specifically the cut-and-fill stoping method are identified. Secondly, the parameters are weighed using the fuzzy-Delphi analytical hierarchy process. Thirdly, the most effective parameters are selected among the pool of effective parameters. Finally, in order to present a novel classification system for an unplanned dilution assessment, a new index called stope unplanned dilution index (SUDI) is introduced. SUDI represents the extent to which a cut-and-fill stope is susceptible to unplanned dilution. That is, having the value of this index, one may classify the cut-and-fill stopes into five groups according to robustness versus unplanned dilution: very strong, strong, moderate, weak, and very weak. SUDI is applied to10 stopes in different parts of Venarch Manganese Mines (Qom, Iran). In this way, a semi-automatic cavity monitoring system is implemented in the stopes. The regression analysis method shows that there is a relationship between SUDI and the actual unplanned dilution in equivalent linear overbreak/slough with a correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.8957).
Exploitation
H. Rahimi; O. Asghari; F. Hajizadeh; F. Meysami
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to compare the linear and non-linear kriging methods in the mineral resource estimation of the Qolqoleh gold deposit in Saqqez, NW Iran. Considering the fact that the gold distribution is positively skewed and has a significant difference with a normal curve, a geostatistical ...
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The purpose of this work is to compare the linear and non-linear kriging methods in the mineral resource estimation of the Qolqoleh gold deposit in Saqqez, NW Iran. Considering the fact that the gold distribution is positively skewed and has a significant difference with a normal curve, a geostatistical estimation is complicated in these cases. Linear kriging, as a resource estimation method, can be problematic and gives an unrealistic gold grade. In order to check and correct the errors in the linear methods, the non-linear kriging method has been deployed. One of the applicant's non-linear estimation methods is Indicator Kriging (IK). The IK method converts grade values into binary units of 0 and 1 using multiple thresholds that can be selected by the number-size (N-S) fractal model. The N-S model identifies important and critical thresholds based on the grade distribution. In IK, the Multiple Indicator Kriging (Multiple IK) and Median Indicator Kriging (Median IK) methods could be involved due to the number of indicator thresholds. IK is not sensitive to high values. Here, we make a comparison between Median IK and Multiple IK as well as those with ordinary kriging (OK), which is a linear kriging method. Overall, we conclude that all of these methods are suitable for resource estimation among these methods, although the IK method is better for estimation in different categories of gold grades.
Exploitation
K. Ghanbari; M. Ataei; F. Sereshki; A. Saffari
Abstract
The presence of methane in coal mines is one of the major problems in underground coal mines. Every year, in underground coal mines, a lot of casualties due to outbursts and explosions of methane gas is occurring. Existence of this gas in the mines not only creates a difficult and dangerous situation ...
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The presence of methane in coal mines is one of the major problems in underground coal mines. Every year, in underground coal mines, a lot of casualties due to outbursts and explosions of methane gas is occurring. Existence of this gas in the mines not only creates a difficult and dangerous situation for work but also makes it more expensive. The release of this gas to the air causes a further pollution of the atmosphere and increases the greenhouse gases in the air. Thus Coal Bed Methane (CBM) drainage before, during, and after coal mining is necessary. Accordingly, the CBM drainage can reduce the risks involved in these mines. In the past decade, CBM has offered a significant potential to meet the ever-growing energy demand and can decrease the disastrous events. In this research work, the CBM potential in Eastern Kelariz, Western Razmja, Bornaky, Bozorg, Razzi, and Takht coal mines of Eastern Alborz coal mines company is investigated using the rock engineering systems (RES) based on the intrinsic and geological parameters. Nine main parameters are considered for modeling CBM, and the interactions between these parameters are calculated by a proposed system. Based on the RES method, the parameters that are dominant (depth of cover) or subordinate (gas content) and also the parameters that are interactive are introduced. The proposed approach could be a simple but efficient tool in the evaluation of the parameters affecting CBM, and hence be useful in decision-making. The results obtained show that Razzi coal mine has a good potential to perform CBM drainage.
Exploitation
B. Unver
Abstract
The prerequisite of maintaining an efficient and safe mining operation is the proper design of a mine by considering all aspects. The first step in a coal mine design is a realistic geometrical modelling of the coal seam(s). The structural features such as faults and folding must be reliably implemented ...
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The prerequisite of maintaining an efficient and safe mining operation is the proper design of a mine by considering all aspects. The first step in a coal mine design is a realistic geometrical modelling of the coal seam(s). The structural features such as faults and folding must be reliably implemented in 3D seam models. Upon having a consistent seam model, the attributes such as calorific value, ash and moisture contents, volatile matter, and sulfur must be estimated in the block model. Considering the geotechnical and hydrogeological conditions, the most appropriate mine design strategy can be selected and implemented. Application of the above steps to three coal basins in Turkey are presented in this paper. The Soma-Eynez and Tunçbilek-Ömerler basins are the two most important lignite resources having an on-going production and prospect for future underground mining. Comprehensive 3D coal seam modelling is carried out at both basins. As both are extensively faulted due to tectonism, it is a challenging task to realistically model their structures. On the other hand, the Karapınar basin has a considerably different geological, structural, and coal measure rock conditions in comparison to the Eynez-Ömerler basin. The Karapınar basin is a relatively recently explored brown field site suitable mainly for surface mining. Coal seam(s) geometry and quality-related attributes certainly play the most important role for production planning and mining activities. The influence of the inherent characteristics of each site on the modelling and mine design strategy are also briefly discussed. This paper presents the fundamentals of coal seam modelling at various geological and structural conditions. It is believed that the methodology presented in this paper can be considered as a guiding example for a comprehensive 3D modelling and resource estimation of coal seams around the world.
Exploitation
M. Mohtasham Seyfi; J. Khademi Hamidi; M. Monjezi; A. Hosseini
Abstract
Methane gas emission, accumulation, and explosion are the most important risk factors in underground coal mines. Hence, having a knowledge of methane gas emission potential in underground coal mines is of crucial importance in preventing the explosion risk, loss of life, and property, and providing miners' ...
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Methane gas emission, accumulation, and explosion are the most important risk factors in underground coal mines. Hence, having a knowledge of methane gas emission potential in underground coal mines is of crucial importance in preventing the explosion risk, loss of life, and property, and providing miners' safety. The purpose of this work is to provide the prediction maps for the C1, C2, and B2 coal seams gas contents, and to identify high gas content panels in the Parvadeh No. 1, Tabas coal mine. For this, the data collected from exploratory boreholes is put into geostatistical analysis in ArcGIS in order to estimate the coal seams gas content in unsampled points using the kriging estimation method. Reviewing the gas content maps has revealed that seams of C1, B2, and C2 have gas contents more than 15 cubic meters per ton in about 84%, 55%, and 22% of the understudied area, respectively. The present work highlights the potential and the need for implementation of a methane pre-drainage system, particularly in deeper longwall panels.
Exploitation
S. Mohammadi; M. Ataei; R. Khaloo Kakaie; A. Mirzaghorbanali
Abstract
Immediate roof caving in longwall mining is a complex dynamic process, and it is the core of numerous issues and challenges in this method. Hence, a reliable prediction of the strata behavior and its caving potential is imperative in the planning stage of a longwall project. The span of the main caving ...
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Immediate roof caving in longwall mining is a complex dynamic process, and it is the core of numerous issues and challenges in this method. Hence, a reliable prediction of the strata behavior and its caving potential is imperative in the planning stage of a longwall project. The span of the main caving is the quantitative criterion that represents cavability. In this paper, two approaches are proposed in order to predict the span of the main caving in longwall projects. Cavability index (CI) is introduced based on the hybrid multi-criteria decision-making technique, combining the fuzzy analytical network processes (ANP) and the fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEAMTEL). Subsequently, the relationship between the new index and the caving span is determined. In addition, statistical relationships are developed, incorporating the multivariate regression method. The real data for nine panels is used to develop the new models. Accordingly, two models based on CI including the Gaussian and cubic models as well as the linear and non-linear regression models are proposed. The performance of the proposed models is evaluated in various actual cases. The results obtained indicate that the CI-Gaussian model possesses a higher performance in the prediction of the main caving span in actual cases when compared to the other models. These results confirm that it is not possible to consider all the effective parameters in an empirical relationship due to a higher error in the prediction.
Exploitation
S. Maleki; F. Sotoudeh; F. Sereshki
Abstract
Ventilation is a vital component of an underground mining operation, used to guarantee a safe atmosphere for workers and survive them from the hazardous and toxic gases. In the recent years, engineers have begun to apply new operation research techniques in order to optimize the ventilation systems to ...
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Ventilation is a vital component of an underground mining operation, used to guarantee a safe atmosphere for workers and survive them from the hazardous and toxic gases. In the recent years, engineers have begun to apply new operation research techniques in order to optimize the ventilation systems to assist in achieving a regulatory compliance, reduce ventilation costs, and improve its efficiency. Airflow regulation optimization in mine ventilation networks is described as a minimization model whose objective function is a minimum number of regulators and energy consumption. In this work, all the previously accomplished works were first reviewed. Then a ventilation system was designed for the Western-Razmja coal mine by a manual method, and an axial fan was proposed. Subsequently, the same ventilation system was simulated using the VENTSIM 3D software. The results obtained by computer simulation showed that there was a reliable relation between the manual method and the simulation approach. In the final step, the GAMS software was used to solve a Mathematical Programming (MP) problem to minimize the overall cost of ventilation by determination of the optimum location for the fan and regulators. The final results of this work illustrated that not only the number of regulators were reduced through solving the MP model but also the total resistance of the Western-Razmja coal mine was reduced by 14% from 1.6 to 1.3. Furthermore, it was observed that the total efficiency of the proposed fan was increased.
Exploitation
P. Afzal
Abstract
Finding a proper estimation method for ore resources/reserves is important in mining engineering. The aim of this work is to compare the Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Advanced Inverse Distance Squared (AIDS) methods based on the correlation between the raw and estimated data in the East-Parvadeh coal deposit, ...
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Finding a proper estimation method for ore resources/reserves is important in mining engineering. The aim of this work is to compare the Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Advanced Inverse Distance Squared (AIDS) methods based on the correlation between the raw and estimated data in the East-Parvadeh coal deposit, central Iran. The variograms and anisotropic ellipsoids are calculated to estimate the ash and sulfur distributions by the IDS and OK methods. The results obtained by these techniques show that their correlation coefficients are similar for the raw and estimated data. However, the statistical parameters obtained by the AIDS method are better based on the ash and sulfur means, although the variance of these variables is lower according to the OK method. The results obtained indicate that the AIDS method yields more reliable results than the OK method.
Exploitation
J. Balaraju; M. Govinda Raj; C.H.S.N. Murthy
Abstract
Reliability estimation plays a significant role in the performance assessment of mining equipment, and aids in designing efficient and effective preventive maintenance strategies. Continuous and random/irregular occurrence of failures in a system could be the main cause for performance drop of machinery. ...
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Reliability estimation plays a significant role in the performance assessment of mining equipment, and aids in designing efficient and effective preventive maintenance strategies. Continuous and random/irregular occurrence of failures in a system could be the main cause for performance drop of machinery. The accomplishment of a projected level of production is possible only by an efficient operation of the equipment. In order to improve the equipment life, a critical analysis of failure/breakdown occurrences is required to be carried out, and appropriate remedial measures need to be designed and implemented to enhance reliability. This paper presents a reliability analysis of Load-Haul-Dumper (LHD) in an underground coal mine. The goodness-of-fit distribution of each LHD was made through the Cramer-Von-Mises statistic test. The parameters involved were estimated using both the maximum likelihood analytical estimation process and the graphical process. Further, an attempt was made to reduce the total cost of operation by estimating the reliability-based preventive maintenance time intervals.
Exploitation
J. Gholamnejad; A. Azimi; M.R. Teymouri
Abstract
Stockpiling and blending play a major role in maintaining the quantity and quality of the raw materials fed into processing plants, especially the cement, iron ore and steel making, and coal-fired power generation industries that usually require a much uniformed feed. Due to the variable nature of such ...
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Stockpiling and blending play a major role in maintaining the quantity and quality of the raw materials fed into processing plants, especially the cement, iron ore and steel making, and coal-fired power generation industries that usually require a much uniformed feed. Due to the variable nature of such materials, they even come from the same source and the produced ores or concentrates are seldom homogeneous enough to be directly fed to the processing plant ore furnaces. Processing plants in iron ore mines need uniform feed properties in terms of each variable (in this work, iron phosphorous ratio and Fe content in magnetite phase) grade of ore, and therefore, homogenization of iron ore from different benches of an open pit or ore dumps has become an essential part of modern mine scheduling. When ore dumps are considered as an ore source, the final grade of the material leaving the dump to the blending bed cannot be easily determined. This difficulty contributes to mixing the materials of different grades in a dump. In this work, the ore dump elements were treated as normally distributed random variables. Then a stochastic programming model was formulated in an iron ore mine in order to determine the optimum amount of ore dispatched from different bench levels in open pit and also four ore dumps to a windrow-type blending bed in order to provide a mixed material of homogenous composition. The chance-constrained programming technique was used to obtain the equivalent deterministic non-linear programming problem of the primary model. The resulting non-linear model was then solved using LINGO. The results obtained showed a better feed grade for the processing plant with a higher probability of grade blending constraint satisfaction.
Exploitation
H. Khalili; P. Afzal
Abstract
The main goal of this research work was to detect the different Cu mineralized zones in the Sungun porphyry deposit in NW Iran using the Spectrum-Volume (S-V) fractal modeling based on the sub-surface data for this deposit. This operation was carried out on an estimated Cu block model based on a Fast ...
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The main goal of this research work was to detect the different Cu mineralized zones in the Sungun porphyry deposit in NW Iran using the Spectrum-Volume (S-V) fractal modeling based on the sub-surface data for this deposit. This operation was carried out on an estimated Cu block model based on a Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) using the C++ and MATLAB programing. The S-V log-log plot was generated and six Cu populations were distinguished. Based on the S-V log-log plot obtained, different mineralized zones were detected in the Sungun deposit. Copper mineralized zones in the porphyry and skarn types commenced from 0.12% and 1.3%, respectively. A supergene enrichment zone began form 0.82%; it was located in the eastern part of this deposit. The enriched skarn zones were situated in the eastern and SE parts of the Sungun deposit that overlapped the intersection of cretaceous limestones and porphyry stock. Overlapping between the resulting zones derived via the S-V fractal model and geological zones and evidences were calculated using the logratio matrix, which indicated that the S-V fractal model had proper results for detection of the mineralized zones.
Exploitation
M. Jahangiri; Seyed R. Ghavami Riabi; B. Tokhmechi
Abstract
Bearing in mind that lack of data is a common problem in the study of porphyry copper mining exploration, our goal was set to identify the hidden patterns within the data and to extend the information to the data-less areas. To do this, the combination of pattern recognition techniques has been used. ...
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Bearing in mind that lack of data is a common problem in the study of porphyry copper mining exploration, our goal was set to identify the hidden patterns within the data and to extend the information to the data-less areas. To do this, the combination of pattern recognition techniques has been used. In this work, multi-layer neural network was used to estimate the concentration of geochemical elements. From 1755 surface and boreholes data available, analyzed by ICP, 70% was used for training, and the rest for testing. The average accuracy of estimators for 22 geochemical elements when using all data was equal to 75%. Based on validation, the optimal number of clusters for the total data was identified. The Gustafson-Kessel (GK) clustering was used to design the estimator for the geochemical element concentrations in different clusters, and the clusters were selected for estimation. The results obtained show that using GK, the estimator's average accuracy increase up to 84%. The accuracy of the elementsZn, As, Pb, Mo, and Mn with low accuracies of 0.51, 0.62, 0.64, 0.65, and 0.68 based on all data were developed to 0.76, 0.86, 0.76, 0.80, and 0.71 with the clustered data, respectively. The mean square error using all the data was 0.079, while in the case of hybrid developed method, it decreased to 0.048. There were error reductions in Al from 0.022 to 0.012, in As, from 0.105 to 0.025, and from 0.115 to 0.046 for S.
Exploitation
M. M. Tahernejad; M. Ataei; R. Khalokakaie
Abstract
In the context of open-pit mine planning, uncertainties including commodity price would significantly affect the technical and financial aspects of mining projects. A mine planning that takes place regardless of the uncertainty in price just develops an optimized plan at the starting time of the mining ...
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In the context of open-pit mine planning, uncertainties including commodity price would significantly affect the technical and financial aspects of mining projects. A mine planning that takes place regardless of the uncertainty in price just develops an optimized plan at the starting time of the mining operation. Given the price change over the life of mine, which is quite certain, optimality of the proposed plan will be eliminated. This paper presents a risk-averse decision-making tool to help mine planners in mining activities under price uncertainty. The objective is to propose mine planning in a way that a target Net Present Value (NPV) is guaranteed. In order to reach this goal, Information Gap Decision Theory (IGDT) is developed to hedge the mining project against the risk imposed by the information gap between the forecasted and actual price. The proposed approach is of low sensitivity to the price change over the life of mine, and can use the estimated prices with uncertainty. A case study at an existing iron mine demonstrates the performance of the proposed approach. The results obtained showed that the proposed method could provide a robust solution to mine planning under price uncertainty. Moreover, it was concluded that the method could present more reliable mine plans under condition of price uncertainty.
Exploitation
S. Barak; A. Bahroudi; G. Jozanikohan
Abstract
The purpose of mineral exploration is to find ore deposits. The main aim of this work is to use the fuzzy inference system to integrate the exploration layers including the geological, remote sensing, geochemical, and magnetic data. The studied area was the porphyry copper deposit of the Kahang area ...
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The purpose of mineral exploration is to find ore deposits. The main aim of this work is to use the fuzzy inference system to integrate the exploration layers including the geological, remote sensing, geochemical, and magnetic data. The studied area was the porphyry copper deposit of the Kahang area in the preliminary stage of exploration. Overlaying of rock units and tectonic layers were used to prepare the geological layer. ASTER images were used for the purpose of recognition of the alterations. The processes used for preparation of the alteration layer were the image-based methods including RGB, band ratio, and principal component analysis as well as the spectrum-based methods including spectral angel mapper and spectral feature fitting. In order to prepare the geochemical layer, the multivariate statistical methods such as the Pearson correlation matrix and cluster analysis were applied on the data, which showed that both copper and molybdenum were the most effective elements of mineralization. Application of the concentration-number multi-fractal modeling was used for geochemical anomaly separation, and finally, the geochemical layer was obtained by the overlaying of two prepared layers of copper and molybdenum. In order to prepare the magnetics layer, the analytical signal map of the magnetometry data was selected. Finally, the FIS integration was applied on the layers. Ultimately, the mineral potential map was obtained and compared with the 33 drilled boreholes in the studied area. The accuracy of the model was validated upon achieving the 70.6% agreement percentage between the model results and true data from the boreholes, and consequently, the appropriate areas were suggested for the subsequent drilling.
Exploitation
H. Aryanmehr; M. Hosseinjanizadeh; M. Honarmand; F. Naser
Abstract
In this work, we focus on investigating the Quickbird and Landsat-8 datasets for mapping hydrothermal and gossans alterations in reconnaissance porphyry copper mineralization in the Babbiduyeh area. This area is situated in the Central Iranian Volcano-sedimentary Complex, where large copper deposits ...
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In this work, we focus on investigating the Quickbird and Landsat-8 datasets for mapping hydrothermal and gossans alterations in reconnaissance porphyry copper mineralization in the Babbiduyeh area. This area is situated in the Central Iranian Volcano-sedimentary Complex, where large copper deposits like Sarcheshmeh as well as numerous occurrences of copper exist. The alteration zones are discriminated by implementation of band ratio and principal component analysis on the Quickbird and Landsat-8 datasets. The image processing results are evaluated by field surveys, X-ray diffraction (XRD), microscopic thin section, and spectroscopic studies of field samples as well as the 1:100000 Sarduiyeh and 1:5000 Babbiduyeh geological maps. In addition, the spectral characterizations of the samples are analyzed by visual inspection, and the PIMAView, SAMS, and ViewSpecpro software programs. The combined spectroscopic measurements, XRD analyses, and petrographic studies revealed mineral assemblages typical of the phyllic, phyllic-supergen, propylitic, argillic, and gossan alterations. The results obtained from image processing and analysis of field samples illustrated examples of effects of iron oxides and hydroxides on the surface of phyllic and argillic alterations. Hence, it can be concluded that the areas discriminated in Quickbird as gossans correspond to the phyllic and argillic alteration areas.
