Exploitation
Gopinath Samanta; Tapan Dey; Suranjan Sinha
Abstract
The optimal layout of the stope (stope boundary) in an underground metal mine maximizes the profit of a deposit, subject to the geotechnical and operational mining constraints such as stope length, stope width, stope height. Various approaches have been introduced to address the stope boundary optimization ...
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The optimal layout of the stope (stope boundary) in an underground metal mine maximizes the profit of a deposit, subject to the geotechnical and operational mining constraints such as stope length, stope width, stope height. Various approaches have been introduced to address the stope boundary optimization problem, but due to the computational complexity and numerous practical constraints, the existing models offer partial solutions to the problem. In the present work, a mixed integer programming model has been developed by incorporating mining constraints in a three-dimensional framework. This model is developed based on profit maximization. The sensitivity analysis applied in a case study mine indicates that the model is efficient in assessing the upside potential and downside risk of profit under fluctuating metal prices and mining costs. Additionally, it can be applied at different stages of mine design to facilitate resource appraisal, selection of stoping methods, and comprehensive mine planning. In a practical application on a real orebody, it shows that the proposed model can generate upto 37.32% more profit compared to current stope design practice in the mines.
Mineral Processing
Sahil Kumar; Ravi Kumar Sharma
Abstract
Landslides affecting life and property losses has become a serious threat in various countries worldwide which highlights the importance of slope stability and mitigation. The methods and tools employed for slope stability analysis, ranging from traditional limit equilibrium methods to worldly-wise numerical ...
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Landslides affecting life and property losses has become a serious threat in various countries worldwide which highlights the importance of slope stability and mitigation. The methods and tools employed for slope stability analysis, ranging from traditional limit equilibrium methods to worldly-wise numerical modelling techniques. It focuses on the importance of accurate and reliable data collection, including geotechnical investigations, in developing precise slope stability assessments. Further, it also addresses challenges associated with predicting and mitigating slope failures, particularly in dynamic and complex environments. Mitigation strategies for unstable slopes were systematically reviewed of different researchers, encompassing both traditional and innovative measures. Traditional methods, such as retaining walls and drainage systems, the mitigation strategies were explored, emphasizing both preventive measures and remedial interventions. These include the implementation of engineering solutions such as slope structures, and Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) techniques along with the comprehensive analysis of four prominent slope stability assessment tools: Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Slope Mass Rating (SMR), and the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM). The comparative analysis of these tools highlights their respective strengths, limitations, and areas of application, providing researchers, authors, and practitioners with valuable insights to make informed choices based on project-specific requirements. To ensure the safety and sustainability of civil infrastructure, a thorough understanding of geological, geotechnical, and environmental factors in combination with cutting-edge technologies is required. Furthermore, it highlights the important role that slope stability assessment and mitigation play a major role in civil engineering for infrastructure development and mitigation strategies.
Exploitation
Hemant Agrawal; SIDDHARTHA ROY; Chitranjan Prasad Singh
Abstract
Deep hole blasting is essential for high-capacity excavators like draglines and shovels to achieve high production targets in opencast coal mining. However, a critical challenge associated with deep hole blasting is ground vibration, which poses risks to nearby infrastructure, including power plants, ...
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Deep hole blasting is essential for high-capacity excavators like draglines and shovels to achieve high production targets in opencast coal mining. However, a critical challenge associated with deep hole blasting is ground vibration, which poses risks to nearby infrastructure, including power plants, the Rihand Dam, and local settlements near the Khadia Opencast coal mine. This study aims to analyze the effect of blast hole diameter on peak particle velocity (PPV) to improve vibration control. Experimental investigations were conducted by executing multiple blasts using hole diameters of 159 mm, 269 mm, and 311 mm across different benches of the Khadia mine, with PPV values recorded at various scaled distances. The observed relationship between PPV and hole diameter was further validated through explicit dynamic modeling of the mine’s geology and blast conditions using ANSYS-Autodyn software. The results presents some exclusive observation that with same charge per delay, for smaller distances i.e. for less than 90 m the values of PPV is always higher in large diameter hole blasting while for distance above 500 m the PPV values are higher in smaller diameter holes blasting. The results provide a unique insight for optimizing blast parameters to minimize ground vibrations while maintaining production efficiency.
Mineral Processing
Ayman M. Ibrahim; Han Wang; Nazar Mekawi; Jaber A. Yousif; Emadeldin Adam; Alfarouq Alnoor; Mohammed Kabashi; Dianwen Liu
Abstract
This work investigates the surface enrichment of malachite during sulfurization flotation to enhance copper recovery. The goal is to improve flotation efficiency by modifying malachite’s surface properties through sulfurization, using sodium sulfide as the sulfurizing agent. The effects of pre-treatment ...
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This work investigates the surface enrichment of malachite during sulfurization flotation to enhance copper recovery. The goal is to improve flotation efficiency by modifying malachite’s surface properties through sulfurization, using sodium sulfide as the sulfurizing agent. The effects of pre-treatment reagents on flotation recovery were evaluated, focusing on their impact on the surface chemistry of malachite. The findings indicated that malachite treated with ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) exhibited superior flotation recovery compared to ammonium phosphate ((NH₄)₃PO₄), achieving an optimal recovery rate of 87.5%. FESEM-EDS and ToF-SIMS analyses revealed a significant increase in sulfur species on the surface, promoting the formation of copper sulfide (CuS) films and enhancing the mineral's reactivity during flotation. Theoretical solution chemistry calculations corroborated these findings, showing that ammonium salt treatments facilitate the formation of copper-ammonium complexes, stabilizing copper ions in solution and preventing their precipitation as copper hydroxides or carbonates. By maintaining copper in a stable reactive form, these complexes improve flotation efficiency. Both theoretical calculations and experimental observations confirm that stabilizing copper ions is crucial for enhancing flotation, ensuring copper remains available for interaction with flotation reagents and ultimately, improving copper recovery. The integration of theoretical and experimental approaches enhances the understanding of the sulfurization process and provides an optimized method for improving flotation performance and copper recovery.
M. Ziaii; A. Abedi; M. Ziaei; A. Kamkar Rouhani; A. Zendahdel
Abstract
One of the major strengths of a Geographic Information System (GIS) in geosciences is the ability to integrate and combine multiple layers into mineral potential maps showing areas which are favorable for mineral exploration. These capabilities make GIS an extremely useful tool for mineral exploration. ...
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One of the major strengths of a Geographic Information System (GIS) in geosciences is the ability to integrate and combine multiple layers into mineral potential maps showing areas which are favorable for mineral exploration. These capabilities make GIS an extremely useful tool for mineral exploration. Several spatial modeling techniques can be employed to produce potential maps. However, these methods can be divided into knowledge -and data-driven techniques. The goal of this study is to use GIS in mapping gold deposit potentials in Torud-Chah Shiran area. After collecting relevant exploration data and defining appropriate exploration model for the mineralization zone, several layers including proved mineralization map, geological map, remote sensing derived, alteration map, geochemical and aeromagnetic maps were imported in to GIS environment. For integrated exploration modeling, two methods were used: fuzzy logic and weight of evidence methods. Finally, the results of the two methods were compared. The result of each method had statistical problems but these problems were alleviated using the map of differences that was in a good agreement with reality.
V. F. Navarro-Torres; R. N. Singh
Abstract
Water has an important role in creating pollution problems in the mining regimes influencing the surrounding surface
environment. The purpose of this study is to make an assessment of groundwater quality in an underground mine site in
Portugal with a view of determining the pollution potential ...
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Water has an important role in creating pollution problems in the mining regimes influencing the surrounding surface
environment. The purpose of this study is to make an assessment of groundwater quality in an underground mine site in
Portugal with a view of determining the pollution potential of groundwater. In the corresponding surface area of this
underground mine, intersections of four faults form rock blocks which delimit the surface subsidence influencing the
flow pattern of the surface streams and the groundwater table resulting in inflow of groundwater and rainwater into
mining excavations. When this water comes into contact with the virgin rock mass containing pyrites in presence of
atmospheric air, acid mine water is formed. This acidic water reacts with the broken rock material dissolving metallic
sulphides into solution and also carrying suspended solids. When discharged in the “Boldehão” River, these waters
produce diverse environmental impact levels such as pH low and Zn high levels risk cause for irrigation, pH, Cu, Fe and
Mn high level risk for consumption human, and pH, Cu and Zn cause high level for fishes.
M. Jahani; M. Noaparast; A. Farzanegan; G. Langarizadeh
Abstract
In this research, the efficiency of the comminution circuit as well as the efficiency of size classification equipment of the concentrator plant 2 of Sarcheshmeh copper complex was studied. The comminution circuit of this plant includes one SAG mill in a closed circuit with a vibrating screen and one ...
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In this research, the efficiency of the comminution circuit as well as the efficiency of size classification equipment of the concentrator plant 2 of Sarcheshmeh copper complex was studied. The comminution circuit of this plant includes one SAG mill in a closed circuit with a vibrating screen and one ball mill with a size classification system of hydrocyclone. The goal of this work was to calculate the proportion of each of these mills at energy consumption and generating suitable product for flotation as a further process. Three stages of sampling were performed and consumed energy was also modeled. The average efficiency of the initial ball mill was obtained which was equal to 72.96%. The average of the proportion of (consumed) energy by SAG and ball mills from total consumed energy at mills, was 44.65% and 55.35% respectively. The proportion of SAG and ball mills in producing the final product (particles finer than 74 µm) was 55.38% and 44.62% respectively. That is, the SAG mill produces about 10.76% more than the ball mill in the final product. The average consumed energy at SAG and ball mills to produce one ton of final product was 23.16 kWh/t and 36.05 kWh/t respectively. Thus, the ball mill consumes 12.89 kWh/t, more energy than the SAG mill in producing the final product. The average cyclones’ imperfection was 0.361 and therefore the average efficiency of cyclones’ separation was equal to 63.9% and the average efficiency of the vibrating screen was equal to 99.89%. As overflow of the initial cyclones (final product of comminution circuit) forms feed of rougher cells, cyclones’ inappropriate performance could severely influence the whole flotation process.
Exploration
Marco Antonio Cotrina Teatino; Jairo Jhonatan Marquina-Araujo; Jose Nestor Mamani-Quispe; Solio Marino Arango-Retamozo; Joe Alexis Gonzalez-Vasquez
Abstract
The geochemical and spatial characterization of legacy mine tailings is essential for identifying reprocessing opportunities and informing environmental management. However, the high compositional complexity of polymetallic tailings requires robust multivariate approaches. This study evaluates and compares ...
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The geochemical and spatial characterization of legacy mine tailings is essential for identifying reprocessing opportunities and informing environmental management. However, the high compositional complexity of polymetallic tailings requires robust multivariate approaches. This study evaluates and compares the performance of four unsupervised clustering algorithms Euclidean K-Means, Riemannian K-Means, Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), and Agglomerative Clustering applied to 927 samples from the Quiulacocha tailings deposit in Peru, using six major elements (Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe, Ag, Au) and spatial coordinates. All methods consistently identified three main geochemical domains. Cluster 1 was enriched in Cu and Au, Cluster 2 in Pb and Fe, and Cluster 3 in Zn, Ag, and Fe. Covariance-based methods (Riemannian K-Means and Agglomerative Clustering) outperformed others in internal validation (Silhouette scores up to 0.58) and consistency (Adjusted Rand Index = 1.00), offering more interpretable and geologically coherent partitions. CLR transformation reduced clustering performance, highlighting the importance of preserving raw geochemical variance for spatial segmentation. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of multivariate clustering for unraveling compositional heterogeneity in tailings and delineating domains of potential economic value. The approach provides a quantitative framework for supporting reprocessing decisions, reducing risk, and guiding future research on mine waste valorization.
H.R Baghzendani; H. Aghajani; M. Solimani
Abstract
Detection of subsurface structures by means of gravity method can be used to determine mass distribution and density contrast of rock units. This distribution could be detected by different geophysical methods, especially gravity method. However, gravity techniques have some drawbacks and can't be always ...
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Detection of subsurface structures by means of gravity method can be used to determine mass distribution and density contrast of rock units. This distribution could be detected by different geophysical methods, especially gravity method. However, gravity techniques have some drawbacks and can't be always successful in distinguishing subsurface structures. Performance of the gravity technique could be further improved by simultaneous combination and introducing additional information from other geophysical data. This study used existing relation between seismic and gravity methods to better clarify subsurface structures. This relationship relates mass distribution of the medium to velocity of wave propagation in that media. This method was applied on an area that consists of three mud volcanoes. After completion of the primary model by forward modeling, mass distribution and analysis of seismic velocity were provided on a 2-D profile. Bouguer anomaly map of gravity data of the area was obtained and negative anomalies were identified. These negative anomalies could be related to the existence of mud volcanoes. A 2-D seismic line was also acquired over the greatest mud volcano, as additional information for direct modeling. The Gardner equation was used for further velocity estimation by density values. This velocity model also compared with seismic velocity analysis for evaluation. The final results indicated that density modeling and the use of seismic velocity model increases the resolution of subsurface structures imaging. Separation of subsurface layers was implemented correctly in the velocity model resulting from gravity data and subsurface discontinuities of the area that become more obvious by this technique.
Akbar farzanegan; Bahareh Arabzadeh; Vahid Hasanzadeh
Abstract
Discrete Element Method (DEM) is extensively used for mathematical modeling and simulating the behavior of discrete discs and discrete spheres in two and three dimensional space, respectively. Prediction of particles flow regime, power draw and kinetic energy for a laboratory or an industrial mill is ...
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Discrete Element Method (DEM) is extensively used for mathematical modeling and simulating the behavior of discrete discs and discrete spheres in two and three dimensional space, respectively. Prediction of particles flow regime, power draw and kinetic energy for a laboratory or an industrial mill is possible by DEM simulation. In this article, a new approach was used to assess the main parameters of a transparent ball mill constructed in mineral processing laboratory of the University of Tehran. The mill shell and crushing balls are made of Plexiglas® and compressed glass respectively. The true values of mechanical parameters for these materials, required for DEM modeling, were unknown. The authors back-calculated the best values of mechanical properties of Plexiglas and compressed glass materials based on a large number of DEM simulations. Back-calculation procedure was mainly based on the comparison between electrical power draw measured in real mill and mechanical power draw calculated by DEM model while trying to simulate particle flow regime inside the real mill accurately. The results showed that the optimal number and design of lifters can be adequately determined by improving torque and kinetic energy in crushing elements through DEM simulation trials based on the back-calculated mechanical parameters.
Javad Gholamnejad; HamidReza Bahaaddini; Morteza Rastegar
Abstract
Static deformation modulus is recognized as one of the most important parameters governing the behavior of rock masses. Predictive models for the mechanical properties of rock masses have been used in rock engineering because direct measurement of the properties is difficult due to time and cost constraints. ...
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Static deformation modulus is recognized as one of the most important parameters governing the behavior of rock masses. Predictive models for the mechanical properties of rock masses have been used in rock engineering because direct measurement of the properties is difficult due to time and cost constraints. In this method the deformation modulus is estimated indirectly from classification systems. This paper presents the results of a study into the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) technique and Regression models for estimation of the deformation modulus of rock masses. A database, including 225 actual measured deformation modulus, Uniaxial Compressive Strengths of the rock (UCS), and Rock Mass Rating (RMR) was established. Data collected from different projects. For predicting Em by regression, a nonlinear regression method was chosen. This model showed the coefficient correlation of 0.751 and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 9.911%. Also a three-layer ANN was found to be optimum, with an architecture of two neurons in the input layer, four neurons in the hidden layer and one neuron in the output layer. The correlation coefficient determined for deformation modulus predicted by the ANN was 0.786 and the quantity of MAPE was 6.324%. With respect to the results obtained from two models, the ANN technique was shown to be better than the regression model because of its higher accuracy.
SUJIT KUMAR MANDAL; N.K Bhagat; M.M Singh
Abstract
Transmission of blast waves is a complex phenomenon and the characteristics vary with blast design parameters and geo-technical properties of medium. Frequency of vibration and triggering component for structural excitation generally quantifies safe vibration magnitude. At closer distance or higher elevations ...
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Transmission of blast waves is a complex phenomenon and the characteristics vary with blast design parameters and geo-technical properties of medium. Frequency of vibration and triggering component for structural excitation generally quantifies safe vibration magnitude. At closer distance or higher elevations than the blast locations, vertical or transverse component will be the first arrival to trigger the sensor for monitoring and at far off distances longitudinal component triggers the sensor to monitor. Similarly, for shorter depth of blastholes and wider blast geometries, vertical or transverse component triggers the sensor to monitor even for longer distances of measurement. Analyzing the cause of such occurrence, the paper firstly puts forward a mathematical model to illustrate the same. Thereafter, considering single-degree of freedom for dynamic analysis of structures, the paper communicates that incident particle velocity exiting a structure to vibrate should be considered to limit vibration magnitude for safety of structures.
E. Bozorgi; D. Javani; M. Rastegarnia
Abstract
Wellbore instability is a quite common event during drilling, and causes many problems such as stuck pipe and lost circulation. It is primarily due to the inadequate understanding of the rock properties, pore pressure, and earth stress environment prior to well construction. This study aims to use the ...
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Wellbore instability is a quite common event during drilling, and causes many problems such as stuck pipe and lost circulation. It is primarily due to the inadequate understanding of the rock properties, pore pressure, and earth stress environment prior to well construction. This study aims to use the existing relevant logs, drilling, and other data from offset wells to construct a precise mechanical earth model (MEM) describing the pore pressure, stress magnitudes and orientations, and formation mechanical properties of South Pars Gas field. Since the core test data, MDT/XPT data, and LOT/XLOT data were not available to calibrate the developed model, each component of the model was determined using a range of existing methods and relations, and then the wellbore instability was analyzed based on the developed MEM and the Mogi-Coulomb failure criterion. The predicted incidents such as the lost circulation and tight hole were then compared with the caliper log and reported drilling events to determine the consistency of the model. Since the stability analysis based on the developed MEM had the most agreement with the caliper log and reported drilling events, the equations presented by Eaton and Zoback had good estimations of the pore pressure and rock strengths. Also the estimated horizontal stresses were precise enough to enable the constructed MEM to predict the wellbore instabilities. The stress regime in the field of study was strike-slip, which is frequently specified in the industrial technical reports of the studied field. Finally, it was concluded that the Mogi-Coulomb failure criterion minimized the conservative nature of the mud pressure prediction due to the consideration the strengthening effect of the intermediate stress.
N. Sadrmohammadi; R. Mehrnia; Kh. Rezaei; S. Kadioğlu; M. Honarvar
Abstract
In this paper, a power-law relation modeling called the vario-fractal model is introduced in order to understand the discrepancies between the linear and non-linear distribution of the elements and its application for mineral exploration in the calamine Zn-Pb ore-deposit. From a hypothetical viewpoint, ...
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In this paper, a power-law relation modeling called the vario-fractal model is introduced in order to understand the discrepancies between the linear and non-linear distribution of the elements and its application for mineral exploration in the calamine Zn-Pb ore-deposit. From a hypothetical viewpoint, since geochemical zonation of the supra- and sub-ore elements is a crucial evaluation criterion for concealed/underlying mineralization potentials, this hypothesis can be tested by delineating the fractal surfaces of elements as the geometric evidence of primary geochemical zonation of elements in the calamine mine. A comparison of the linear regression results with the Poisson distribution coefficients indicate the relative tendency of the elements towards a non-linear distribution. Therefore, a logarithmic equation derived from the variance-distance relationship (power-law) is used here for the delineation of fractal surfaces of elements as the geometric features related to proper self-organized distributions. In this research work, the vario-fractal expression of geochemical zonation has trace-element tendencies to the non-linear distribution. The results obtained show that the calamine’s fractional surfaces are mostly of self-organized types, situated at 2 < FD < 3 as "real fractal surfaces", although 3 of the elements appear in the quasi-fractal populations called "near Brownies” here. Moreover, the calamine’s fractal surfaces can be extended throughout the anomalous regions or may be distributed as limited types of the finalized model, which is a fractal-based pattern of geochemical zonation of the elements for evaluation of the hypogenic mineralization potential and has been prioritized to 6 target-areas containing 10 elements with real fractal surfaces and 3 more at near Brownies and then validated by the mineralogical evidence.
Pankaj Rathore; Suresh Kumar Tiwari
Abstract
The main aim of this experimental analysis is to understand the effectiveness of ceramic waste (CW) in stabilizing the clayey soil. The effect of adding various CW percentages (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) on the geotechnical properties of clayey soil is evaluated by performing a series of laboratory ...
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The main aim of this experimental analysis is to understand the effectiveness of ceramic waste (CW) in stabilizing the clayey soil. The effect of adding various CW percentages (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) on the geotechnical properties of clayey soil is evaluated by performing a series of laboratory tests like the Atterberg’s limit test, compaction test, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, California bearing ratio (CBR) test, and swelling pressure test. Micro-structural analysis including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy are carried out on untreated and treated clay-ceramic composites. The results obtained indicate that the incorporation of 30% ceramic waste in clay soil increase the maximum dry unit weight (γmax) from 17.20 kN/m3 (CL + 0% CW) to 18.25 kN/m3 (CL + 30% CW). The unconfined compressive strength of clayey soil increases with the addition of ceramic waste. A maximum UCS of 217 kPa is obtained with 25% ceramic content, beyond which it starts decreasing. Similarly, increasing trend in CBR results is observed with an increase in the ceramic waste content. The increment in CBR is approximately 152% (unsoaked condition) and 142% (soaked condition). At the same time, the addition of ceramic waste in clay soil reduces the Atterberg limits, optimum water content (ωopt), and swelling pressure. “It can be concluded from the experimental study that CW can be used as a sustainable alternative soil stabilizer.
H. Dehghani; A. Siami; P. Haghi
Abstract
One of the most important steps involved in mining operations is to select an appropriate extraction method for mine resources. After choosing the extraction method, it is usually impossible to replace it with another one because it may be so expensive that implementation of the entire project could ...
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One of the most important steps involved in mining operations is to select an appropriate extraction method for mine resources. After choosing the extraction method, it is usually impossible to replace it with another one because it may be so expensive that implementation of the entire project could be economically impossible. Choosing a mining method depends on the geological and geometrical characteristics of the mine. Due to the complexity of the process of choosing an appropriate mining method and the effect of the parameters involved on the results of this process, it is necessary to utilize the new decision-making methods that have the ability to consider the relationship between the existing parameters and the mining methods. Grey and TODIM (an acronym in Portuguese, i.e. Tomada de Decisão Interativa Multicritério) decision-making methods are among the existing ones, which in addition to the convenience, show high accuracy. The proposed models are presented to determine the best mining method in the Gol-e-gohar iron ore mine in Iran. The results obtained are compared with the methods used in the previous research works. Among the decision-making methods introduced, the open pit mining method is the most appropriate option and the square-set mining is the worst one.
Environment
B. Shokouh Saljoughi; A. Hezarkhani
Abstract
The Shahr-e-Babak district, as the studied area, is known for its large Cu resources. It is located in the southern side of the Central Iranian volcano–sedimentary complex in SE Iran. Shahr-e-Babak is currently facing a shortage of resources, and therefore, mineral exploration in the deeper and ...
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The Shahr-e-Babak district, as the studied area, is known for its large Cu resources. It is located in the southern side of the Central Iranian volcano–sedimentary complex in SE Iran. Shahr-e-Babak is currently facing a shortage of resources, and therefore, mineral exploration in the deeper and peripheral spaces has become a high priority in this area. This work aims to identify the geochemical anomalies associated with the Cu mineralization using the Spectrum–Area (S–A) multi-fractal and Wavelet Neural Network (WNN) methods. At first, the Factor Analysis (FA) is applied to integrate the multi-geochemical variables of a regional stream sediment dataset related to major mineralization elements in the studied area. Then the S–A model is applied to decompose the mixed geochemical patterns obtained from FA and compare with the results obtained from the WNN method. The S–A model, based on the distinct anisotropic scaling properties, reveals the local anomalies due to the consideration of the spatial characteristics of the geochemical variables. Most of the research works show that the capability (i.e. classification, pattern matching, optimization, and prediction) of an ANN considering its successful application is suitable for inheriting uncertainties and imperfections that are found in mining engineering problems. In this paper, an alternative method is presented for mineral prospecting based on the integration of wavelet theory and ANN or wavelet network. The results obtained for the WNN method are in a good agreement with the known deposits, indicating that the WNN method with Morlet transfer function consists of a highly complex ability to learn and track unknown/undefined complicated systems. The hybrid method of FA, S–A, and WNN employed in this work is useful to identify anomalies associated with the Cu mineralization for further exploration of mineral resources.
Exploration
N. Mahvash Mohammadi; A. Hezarkhani
Abstract
Identification and mapping of the significant alterations are the main objectives of the exploration geochemical surveys. The field study is time-consuming and costly to produce the classified maps. Therefore, the processing of remotely sensed data, which provide timely and multi-band (multi-layer) data, ...
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Identification and mapping of the significant alterations are the main objectives of the exploration geochemical surveys. The field study is time-consuming and costly to produce the classified maps. Therefore, the processing of remotely sensed data, which provide timely and multi-band (multi-layer) data, can be substituted for the field study. In this study, the ASTER imagery is used for alteration classification by applying two new methods of machine learning, including Random Forest and Support Vector Machine. The 14 band ASTER and 19 derivative data layers extracted from ASTER including band ratio and PC imagery, are used as training datasets for improving the results. Comparison of analytical results achieved from the two mentioned methods confirmed that the SVM model has sufficient accuracy and more powerful performance than RF model for alteration classification in the study area.
Exploitation
S. Moosazadeh; H. Aghababaie; Seyed H. Hoseinie; B. Ghodrati
Abstract
Utilization is one of the main managerial factors that is applied for construction process analysis well. It directly affects the project duration and construction costs. Therefore, a utilization study in tunneling projects is essential. In this work, the utilization of an earth pressure balance Tunnel ...
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Utilization is one of the main managerial factors that is applied for construction process analysis well. It directly affects the project duration and construction costs. Therefore, a utilization study in tunneling projects is essential. In this work, the utilization of an earth pressure balance Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) in Tabriz urban railway project was studied using the Monte Carlo simulation approach. For this purpose, the unit operation during one working shift such as boring time, ring building time, and locomotive travel time was recorded and saved in data base. In addition, the general down times such as TBM and back-up system maintenance, surface and tunnel logistic maintenance, cutting tools’ replacement, and locomotive delay times were recorded and considered in simulation. The results of this work show that the mean simulated project duration time of case study TBM is approximately 859 shifts and close to the real data with a difference of 0.92%. Finally, the average estimated utilization factor was found to be approximately 14%.
S. Shaffiee Haghshenas; R. Mikaeil; A. Esmaeilzadeh; N. Careddu; M. Ataei
Abstract
Predicting the amperage consumption of cutting machines could be one of the critical steps in optimizing the energy-consuming points for the dimension stone cutting industry. Hence, the study of the relationship between the operational characteristics of cutting machines and rocks with focusing ...
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Predicting the amperage consumption of cutting machines could be one of the critical steps in optimizing the energy-consuming points for the dimension stone cutting industry. Hence, the study of the relationship between the operational characteristics of cutting machines and rocks with focusing on the machine's energy-consuming is unavoidable. For this purpose, in the first step, laboratory studies under different operating conditions at different cutting depths and feed rates are performed on 12 soft and hard rock samples. In the continuation of the laboratory studies, the rock samples are transferred to the rock mechanics laboratory in order to determine the mechanical properties (uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity). The statistical studies are performed in the SPSS software in order to predict the electrical current consumption of the cutting machine according to the mechanical characteristics of the rock samples, cutting depth, and feed rate. The statistical models proposed in this work can be used with a high reliability in order to estimate the electrical current consumed in the cutting process.
Exploitation
Rym Khettabi; Issam Touil; Mohamed Kezzar; Mohamed R. Eid; Fatima.Z Derdour; Kamel Khounfais; Lakhdar Khochmane
Abstract
It is well-established that the response surface methodology (RSM) is commonly employed to establish the differences between the predicted values and those observed experimentally. This study mainly goals on the impact of four drilling factors including weight on the bit (WOB), the rotating rapidity ...
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It is well-established that the response surface methodology (RSM) is commonly employed to establish the differences between the predicted values and those observed experimentally. This study mainly goals on the impact of four drilling factors including weight on the bit (WOB), the rotating rapidity of the bit, RPM, cutting angle , and rock resistance on the penetration rate of the drilling tool. In this examination, three kinds of limestone rocks were considered. The planned assessments were carried out at three stages of the considered four input variables. The statistical analysis was realized using both RSM approach and analysis of variance (ANOVA). This analysis allowed us to develop the appropriate penetration model with a higher determination coefficient of 96.19%, which demonstrates the high correlation between the predicted and experimental data, and consequently, it can be concluded that the obtained model is highly suitable for the prediction of the penetration rate. Also from variance analysis, the results obtained show that rotational speed, RPM, and weight on the bit (WOB) parameters, as well as the nature of the rock, which is determined by the rock compressive resistance, having a significant effect on the penetration rate; however, the rake angle has little effect. Finally, the optimal parameters were determined to find the best possible penetration rate of the drilling tool.
Rock Mechanics
Ajay Sharma; Neha Shrivastava
Abstract
The present study aims to assess the utility of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, specifically recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and recycled brick aggregates (RBA), as fill materials in highway embankments. The assessment of slope stability is crucial in determining the suitability of any ...
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The present study aims to assess the utility of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, specifically recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and recycled brick aggregates (RBA), as fill materials in highway embankments. The assessment of slope stability is crucial in determining the suitability of any material for embankment fill. GeoStudio software is employed in this study for slope stability assessment of 12 models with LS, RCA, RBA, and their blends as embankment fill materials. The embankment configuration is designed to represent a six-lane highway (carriageway width = 13 m, adhering to IRC: 36 standards), featuring varying slope elevations (3 m, 6 m, and 9 m) and diverse horizontal to vertical slope ratios (H:V = 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). The Morgenstern-Price method is employed to analyze slope stability and determine factor of safety (FOS) values. The study highlights the impact of slope heights, slope ratios, and fill materials (RCA, RBA, LS, and their blends) on FOS values in embankment models. Incorporating RCA or RBA in LS significantly boosts embankment FOS, exceeding stability expectations beyond 45˚ slope angles, potentially reducing costs and required area in construction projects. The incorporation of RCA/RBA into LS increases the FOS values to a range of 1.38 to 5.91, indicating very stable slopes for highway embankments. Based on the findings, replacing LS with RCA or RBA in embankment fill can enhance environmental sustainability and economic efficiency. However, these slope stability results apply specifically to C&D waste with similar composition, grain size, geotechnical properties, and embankment conditions.
Exploitation
Victor Patson Mutambo; Barnabas Mpaka; Pardon Sinkala; Matheus Ipinge
Abstract
This study evaluates rock mass ratings, rock strength parameters, and the geological structures of the dominant rock units alongside a quantitative assessment of the performance of various anchor systems for enhanced ground support in mine excavations located within the Synclinorium area. This region ...
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This study evaluates rock mass ratings, rock strength parameters, and the geological structures of the dominant rock units alongside a quantitative assessment of the performance of various anchor systems for enhanced ground support in mine excavations located within the Synclinorium area. This region is notable for its complex, folded, and mineralized formations. The deeper levels of the synclinorium are characterised by poor ground conditions, faults, and shear zones. Stress induced by mining activities worsens the situation. These factors have significantly impacted the stability of excavation. Fall-of-ground (FOG) incidents have exhibited a concerning increase over the past nine years. This trend necessitates a thorough investigation into the factors contributing to it. Our research employed empirical methods for rock mass classification, specifically utilising Barton’s Q system and Bieniawski and Scanline mapping of geological structures along the crosscut walls at a 1.50 m elevation. We conducted borehole logging and pull-out tests to evaluate the working and ultimate capacities of rock bolt anchors deployed in the excavations. Borehole cores were analysed for geological formations, colour, and grain size. The findings indicate that excavations in areas with mined-through rock and stone necessitate urgent and intensive roof support to stabilise the surrounding rock mass, thereby enhancing standing time. Additionally, we identified joint patterns, joint orientations, and the various stresses affecting the surrounding rock mass in the crosscuts. The above highlights the importance of geological data in the design of effective ground control and support mechanisms. Pull-out testing conducted at the 3360 level recorded a 28.6% failure rate in primary development despite very competent ground.
sima razmjouee; mahmood abdollahy; seyed mohammad javad koleini
Abstract
Using microflotation method, this study explored the collectorless flotation of Chalcocite and its dependence on the redox potential of pulp . Electrochemical studies were performed by cyclic voltammetry in specific potential ranges and at different pH values. The results show that significant ...
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Using microflotation method, this study explored the collectorless flotation of Chalcocite and its dependence on the redox potential of pulp . Electrochemical studies were performed by cyclic voltammetry in specific potential ranges and at different pH values. The results show that significant floatability of Chalcocite occurs in the specific reducing conditions. By increasing potentials, on the other hand, the floatability of Chalcocite is reduced. The effect of pH was also examined: At pH=4, the maximum recovery of 73%, was obtained at E= -222 mV (Eh= -17); and at pH=9, the maximum recovery of 71% was obtained at E= -501 mV (Eh= -296). On the basis of the results obtained, the possible mechanisms of collectorless flotation of Chalcocite in different conditions were discussed.
Anhay Soni; B. Mishra; Siddharth Singh
Abstract
Theoretical review of ‘mining pit lakes’ indicates that like natural lakes such lakes display a huge diversity. They are typically in a non-equilibrium state with respect to their surroundings. Hence, at the decommissioning phase of mining operation a detailed technical study are required ...
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Theoretical review of ‘mining pit lakes’ indicates that like natural lakes such lakes display a huge diversity. They are typically in a non-equilibrium state with respect to their surroundings. Hence, at the decommissioning phase of mining operation a detailed technical study are required on different aspects of such created water bodies considering its morphometry, geology, hydrology, water quality (geo-chemistry), rate of filling, and biology. Pit lakes has their value as resources for miscellaneous purposes e.g. recreation, fisheries, water supply, and wildlife habitat which is dependent mostly on their topography, location water use and safety characteristics. Internationally, pit lakes as self sustaining aquatic ecosystems have been developed in the past e.g. Alberata Pit Lake in Canada [1, 2] ; Sleeper pit lake [3] and Westfield pit lake, Scotland [4]. In Indian mining industry neither scientific studies nor case record of mining pit lake development are available because ‘closure plans’ are introduced recently. One such attempt in India at Kerendari coal mine in Jharkhand state is a laudable and new attempt which is at the stage of planning. In brief, since the opportunities for development of ‘mining pit lakes’ are immense and company owning it can nurture their ecological and commercial benefits appropriately, this review will be practically useful particularly in those countries which has less number of age old surface mines heading towards the decommissioning phase. The review done here can be practically utilized for evaluation, assessment, new project clearances and statuary compliance purposes.
