Original Research Paper
Exploration
Babak Sohrabian; Erhan Tercan
Abstract
Mineral Resources have commonly been estimated through the kriging method that assigns weights to the samples based on variogram distance to the estimation point without considering their values. More robust estimators such as spatial copulas are promising tools because they consider both distance ...
Read More
Mineral Resources have commonly been estimated through the kriging method that assigns weights to the samples based on variogram distance to the estimation point without considering their values. More robust estimators such as spatial copulas are promising tools because they consider both distance and sample values in determining weights. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Gaussian copulas (GC) by estimating the copper grade values in the Sungun porphyry copper deposit located in Iran. Performance of the method was compared to ordinary kriging (OK) and indicator kriging (IK) by running the Jackknife test of cross-validation. The metrics used in measuring performance of the methods are global accuracy and precision of the distribution of the estimates, error statistics, and variability for globally accurate and precise estimates. The case study shows advantages of GC over OK and IK by producing globally accurate and precise estimates with acceptable error statistics and variability.
Original Research Paper
Rock Mechanics
Jagdish Lohar; Neha Shrivastava
Abstract
India is a leading producer and exporter of dimensional marble. The processing of marble into dimensional and finished forms involves sawing, grinding, and polishing, generating significant quantities of Marble Processing Waste (MPW). Efforts for bulk recycling of MPW from the rapidly expanding marble ...
Read More
India is a leading producer and exporter of dimensional marble. The processing of marble into dimensional and finished forms involves sawing, grinding, and polishing, generating significant quantities of Marble Processing Waste (MPW). Efforts for bulk recycling of MPW from the rapidly expanding marble industry are essential due to significant environmental impacts, hindered by limited inclusion rates and complex processing requirements in current practices. Concurrently, the increased demand for geotechnical fill materials and the depletion of natural soils necessitates sustainable alternatives. Using MPW in geotechnical fills offers a viable solution, yet it lacks comprehensive characterization. The aim of this study is to evaluate MPW as a sustainable alternative to conventional geotechnical fill materials. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of MPW's physical, geotechnical, and electrochemical properties, along with its mineralogical, elemental, and chemical composition, was conducted. The findings show that MPW, being non-plastic and non-swelling with a grain size distribution and hydraulic conductivity similar to silty sands, can be used directly from disposal sites without further processing. Notably, MPW achieves a maximum dry density of 1.84 g/cm³ and exhibits internal friction angles of 36.5°, ensuring stability. Electrochemical analysis indicates low leachability risks, with pH levels of 8.1 and electrical resistivity of 6,200 ohm-cm. Scanning Electron Microscopy images reveal that MPW particles are irregular, with considerable angularity and surface roughness. These results position MPW as a viable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional fill materials, with the potential to significantly reduce the exploitation of natural resources and advance sustainable waste management practices.
Original Research Paper
Exploitation
Assefa Hailesilasie Wolearegay; Yowhas Birhanu Amare; Asmelash Abay Hagos; Kassa Amare Mesfin; Hagos Abraha; Bereket Gebresilassie; Nageswara Rao cheepurupalli; Yewuhalashet Fissha
Abstract
The Dichinama area in northern Ethiopia is a potential source of dimension stone, but the quality of the marble has been a major challenge for mining operations. This research aims to evaluate the quality of dimension stone by conducting a comprehensive study involving geological mapping, geotechnical ...
Read More
The Dichinama area in northern Ethiopia is a potential source of dimension stone, but the quality of the marble has been a major challenge for mining operations. This research aims to evaluate the quality of dimension stone by conducting a comprehensive study involving geological mapping, geotechnical testing, and geochemical analysis. The study collected nine rock samples from three active mining sites in the Dichinama area, analyzing properties such as density, water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength, and abrasion resistance. Additionally, ten samples were collected for geochemical analysis, focusing on parameters like calcite, CaO values, LOI, SiO2 content, and other oxide concentrations. The geotechnical tests revealed that the properties of the marble in the Dichinama area were mainly calcite, with compressive strength values ranging from 29.6 to 74.5 MPa, flexural strength from 7 to 52.5 MPa, abrasion resistance from 8.3 to 17.2, density from 2257 to 2562 kg/m3, and water absorption from 0.12 to 0.93. However, most of these parameters fell below the minimum ASTM standards for marble dimension stone. The results suggest that these inferior characteristics negatively affect the recovery and quality of the dimension stone.
Original Research Paper
Rock Mechanics
Ajay Sharma; Neha Shrivastava
Abstract
The present study aims to assess the utility of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, specifically recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and recycled brick aggregates (RBA), as fill materials in highway embankments. The assessment of slope stability is crucial in determining the suitability of any ...
Read More
The present study aims to assess the utility of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, specifically recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and recycled brick aggregates (RBA), as fill materials in highway embankments. The assessment of slope stability is crucial in determining the suitability of any material for embankment fill. GeoStudio software is employed in this study for slope stability assessment of 12 models with LS, RCA, RBA, and their blends as embankment fill materials. The embankment configuration is designed to represent a six-lane highway (carriageway width = 13 m, adhering to IRC: 36 standards), featuring varying slope elevations (3 m, 6 m, and 9 m) and diverse horizontal to vertical slope ratios (H:V = 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). The Morgenstern-Price method is employed to analyze slope stability and determine factor of safety (FOS) values. The study highlights the impact of slope heights, slope ratios, and fill materials (RCA, RBA, LS, and their blends) on FOS values in embankment models. Incorporating RCA or RBA in LS significantly boosts embankment FOS, exceeding stability expectations beyond 45˚ slope angles, potentially reducing costs and required area in construction projects. The incorporation of RCA/RBA into LS increases the FOS values to a range of 1.38 to 5.91, indicating very stable slopes for highway embankments. Based on the findings, replacing LS with RCA or RBA in embankment fill can enhance environmental sustainability and economic efficiency. However, these slope stability results apply specifically to C&D waste with similar composition, grain size, geotechnical properties, and embankment conditions.
Original Research Paper
Exploitation
Yehia Darwish; Abdelrahem Khalefa Embaby; Samir Selim; Darwish El Kholy; Hani Sharafeldin; Hussin Farag
Abstract
The younger granites of Gabal Gattar area, Northern Eastern Desert of Egypt, host hydrothermal uranium mineralization at the northern segment of Gattar batholith and along its contacts with the oldest Hammamat sediments. The host rocks display many features of hydrothermal overprint results in changing ...
Read More
The younger granites of Gabal Gattar area, Northern Eastern Desert of Egypt, host hydrothermal uranium mineralization at the northern segment of Gattar batholith and along its contacts with the oldest Hammamat sediments. The host rocks display many features of hydrothermal overprint results in changing their basic engineering characteristics as a function of variations of the degree of alteration. Progression from less altered to altered and mineralized rocks as the result of the alteration processes was assessed by the chemical index of alteration (CIA). The CIA numerical values were calculated by the molecular proportion of Al to the cations Ca, Na, and K. The studied rocks were divided into five grades according to degree of alteration and strength properties including: fresh (AG-I), slightly altered (AG-II), moderately altered (AG-III), highly altered (AG-IV) and very highly altered (AG-V). The strength properties of the studied rock units correlated well with the alteration grades assigned to them. That is, as the grade increased from AG-I to AG-V, abrasion resistance and crushability index increased, whereas compressive strength, slake durability and impact strength decreased.
Original Research Paper
Exploitation
Sri Chandrahas
Abstract
To conducting efficient blasting operations, one needs to analyze the bench geology, structural and dimensional parameters to obtain the required optimum fragmentation with minimum amount of ground vibration. Joints presence causes difficulty during drilling and subsequent rock breakage mechanism. An ...
Read More
To conducting efficient blasting operations, one needs to analyze the bench geology, structural and dimensional parameters to obtain the required optimum fragmentation with minimum amount of ground vibration. Joints presence causes difficulty during drilling and subsequent rock breakage mechanism. An idea on joints density will give an idea on deciding with column charging in-terms of decking-stemming and firing patterns. The goal of the research is to develop a hybrid algorithm model to predict joints width and joint angle. In order to achieve the task, advanced softwares, machine learning models and a field data tests were used in this study.
Original Research Paper
Rock Mechanics
Manendra Singh; Moqin Mushtaq Zargar; Vivek Kumar Sharma; Ritu Raj Nath
Abstract
Non-structural slope stabilization techniques are gaining popularity for cost-affordability and environmental sustainability and are intended primarily to enhance the soil shear strength parameters. The present study evaluates the performance of three biopolymers: Guar Gum, Gellan Gum, and Xanthan Gum ...
Read More
Non-structural slope stabilization techniques are gaining popularity for cost-affordability and environmental sustainability and are intended primarily to enhance the soil shear strength parameters. The present study evaluates the performance of three biopolymers: Guar Gum, Gellan Gum, and Xanthan Gum as slope stabilizers for a quintessential soil slope of a local district in the foothills of the Lesser Himalayas. The study measures the shear strength of biopolymer-treated soil at varying concentrations and moisture contents, and concludes that the soil shear strength is highly influenced by the concentration of biopolymer and the moisture content. The results demonstrate significant increase (48% and 7%) of the cohesion and friction angle of a particular biopolymer-treated sample for a specific moisture content. However, the addition of biopolymers to the soil also leads to a decrease in the permeability of the original sample. The study, in the next phase, numerically computes the Factor of Safety of the test-bed slope before and after the application of biopolymers, and observes that the addition of biopolymers in soil significantly increases (34%) the factor of safety at an optimum combination concentration and moisture content for all three biopolymers. This signifies their utility as non-structural slope stabilizers. By highlighting the improved shear strength of the biopolymer-treated soils, the study complements the current initiatives for non-structural slope stabilization and sustainable soil enhancement and adds to the new yet expanding body of information regarding long-term, non-structural slope stabilizing techniques.
Original Research Paper
Rock Mechanics
Kapoor Chand; Ved Kumar; Priyanshu Raj; Nikita Sharma; Amit Kumar Mankar; Radhakanta Koner
Abstract
Failure of tailings dams is a major issue in the mining industry as it critically impacts the environment and life. A major cause of the failure of tailings dams is the unplanned depositing of tailings and the increase in saturation due to rainfall events. This study using numerical modelling and artificial ...
Read More
Failure of tailings dams is a major issue in the mining industry as it critically impacts the environment and life. A major cause of the failure of tailings dams is the unplanned depositing of tailings and the increase in saturation due to rainfall events. This study using numerical modelling and artificial intelligence techniques (like MLR, SVR, DT, RF, and XGB) aims to predict the slope stability of tailings dams to avoid failure. The stability of tailings dams is analysed using the finite difference method (FDM), which computes the factor of safety (FoS) using the shear strength reduction (SSR) technique. This investigation mainly focuses on the geotechnical and geometric parameters of the tailings dam, such as density, cohesion, friction angle, saturation, embankment height, slope angle and haul road width. Results of numerical modelling have been used for developing ML models and predicting slope stability. The efficiency of ML models was analysed based on the R2 and root mean square error (RMSE), mean squared errors (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The XGB algorithm proved to be the most effective as it gave the highest accuracy and lowest RMSE value compared to other ML models. AI tool was developed based on the ML model results for dam slope stability prediction. The developed AI tool will help understand the role of saturation and geometry parameters in embankment stability at the initial level of investigation.
Original Research Paper
Exploration
Eid R. Abo-Ezz; El Sayed I Selim; Hatem Aboelkhair; Haytham Sehsah
Abstract
The bimodal hypsometry of the Arabian-Nubian Shield in the Neoproterozoic triggered the formation of post-amalgamation marine bains in the low-stand terranes of the Arabian shield (AS). The carbonate successions in the extraordinary marine basins in the AS are intruded by granite plutons of different ...
Read More
The bimodal hypsometry of the Arabian-Nubian Shield in the Neoproterozoic triggered the formation of post-amalgamation marine bains in the low-stand terranes of the Arabian shield (AS). The carbonate successions in the extraordinary marine basins in the AS are intruded by granite plutons of different causative types, with major shear zones pathways. Therefore, the conditions for the formation of skarn deposits are mature at the contact of the carbonate succession with the causative granite plutons. Multidisciplinary approaches including ASTER data, Magnetic data, and geochemical data have been applied to the Murdama basin to locate the promising areas for skarn deposits. The Murdama basin has contrasting magnetic anomalies of different intensity at the contact between the Murdama limestone and the post-Murdama causative batholiths; significant magnetic anomalies exist at the contact with the Idah causative magmas. Lineaments related to the Najd fault system (NFS) exist eastward, where calc-silicate alteration-related minerals were evolved, with no clues for penetrative effect for such alteration activity along pathways related to the fracture system or at contact with the Abanat suite. Different spectral mapping techniques, including Spectral Information Divergence (SID), Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), and Constrained Energy Minimization (CEM) confirm that the Idah suite is the predominant causative magma in the study area with highly evolved calc-silicate alteration-related minerals, such as wollastonite, garnet, and pyroxene. Meanwhile, The Idah suite has been identified as the main causative magma for other reduced skarn localities that have been recorded from the Murdama basin, i.e. the Qitan and An Nimriyah South. Alteration related mineral zones of kaolinite, chlorite, muscovite, and hematite are evolved alongside with calc-silicate minerals at the contact bewteen Idah suite, and the Murdama carbonate member. The geochemical data suggests reducing effect for the Idah suite at the contact between the Murdama carbonate succession and Idah plutons. These preliminary results of this study need detailed field investigations and geochemical explorations for the proposed skarn deposits in the Neoproterozoic molasse basins of the AS.
Original Research Paper
Exploitation
Sahil Kumar; ABHISHEK SHARMA; Kanwarpreet Singh
Abstract
This study investigates the application of the Rapid Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS) tool in assessing and mitigating various types of landslides. The research encompasses comprehensive field visits to diverse landslide-prone areas, capturing detailed photographic evidence to document pre- and post-landslide ...
Read More
This study investigates the application of the Rapid Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS) tool in assessing and mitigating various types of landslides. The research encompasses comprehensive field visits to diverse landslide-prone areas, capturing detailed photographic evidence to document pre- and post-landslide conditions. Utilizing the field data, RAMMS simulations were conducted to model the dynamics of different landslide scenarios, including rockfalls, debris flows, and avalanches. The simulations provided insights into the potential impact zones, flow velocities, and deposition patterns of landslides under varying environmental conditions. The results highlight the efficacy of RAMMS in predicting landslide behavior and guiding mitigation strategies. By comparing the simulation outputs with field observations, we validated the accuracy of RAMMS models, demonstrating their utility in real-world applications. Furthermore, the study identifies key factors influencing landslide susceptibility and proposes targeted mitigation measures to enhance community flexibility. This research underscores the importance of integrating advanced simulation tools like RAMMS with empirical field data to develop strong landslide risk management frameworks.
Original Research Paper
Exploration
Devraj Dhakal; Kanwarpreet Singh
Abstract
Landslides pose significant risks to human life, infrastructure, and the environment, particularly in geologically unstable regions like the Himalayas. This study aims to develop and validate landslide susceptibility maps using Frequency Ratio (FR) and Information Value (IV) models within a GIS framework. ...
Read More
Landslides pose significant risks to human life, infrastructure, and the environment, particularly in geologically unstable regions like the Himalayas. This study aims to develop and validate landslide susceptibility maps using Frequency Ratio (FR) and Information Value (IV) models within a GIS framework. Employing high-resolution geospatial data, including geomorphological, topographical, and hydrological factors derived from high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) and other geospatial datasets. The susceptibility maps were classified into five categories: Low, Moderate, High, Very High, and Extremely High. The models were trained and validated using a landslide inventory of 1313 landslide events, with a 70:30 split for training and testing datasets. The predictive performance of the models was evaluated using the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, yielding AUC values of 84.1 for the FR model and 83.9 for the IV model. The Landslide Density Index (LDI) further confirmed the models' reliability, indicating higher landslide densities in the predicted high-susceptibility zones. The study demonstrates that both FR and IV models are effective tools for landslide susceptibility mapping and its validation. The findings highlight the FR model's superior predictive accuracy in this specific area. Future research should leverage advanced machine learning techniques, such as XGBoost, Random Forest (RF), Naive Bayes (NB), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), to enhance the reliability and precision of landslide susceptibility models.
Original Research Paper
Environment
Lateef Bankole Adamolekun; TAIWO Blessing olamide; Muyideen Alade Saliu; Esma Kahraman; Victor Afolabi Jebutu; Yewuhalashet Fissha; Adams Abiodun Akinlabi
Abstract
Examining the applicability of laterite clay for landfill and other engineering applications is critical due to the daily challenges that practitioners face as a result of material property variation. The suitability of seven selected laterite deposits in southwestern Nigeria as usable liner material ...
Read More
Examining the applicability of laterite clay for landfill and other engineering applications is critical due to the daily challenges that practitioners face as a result of material property variation. The suitability of seven selected laterite deposits in southwestern Nigeria as usable liner material in solid waste landfill construction was investigated in this study, taking geotechnical properties and chemical composition into account. Purposive samples were collected and tested in accordance with ASTM standard procedures for analyzing geotechnical properties. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the soil's clay mineral composition. The clay mineral composition of the soil was determined using X-ray diffraction analysis. The geotechnical analysis revealed the following ranges for the samples: gravel particle size percentage (3.7% to 34.0%), fines particle size percentage (17.4% to 71.7%), liquid limit (28.1% to 65.8%), plasticity index (3.95 to 45.53), activity (0.44 to 0.81), coefficient of permeability (6.75 x10-10 m/s to 5.80 x 10-6 m/s), specific gravity (2.639 to 2.768), and maximum dry density (1462 kg/m3 to 2065 kg/m3). X-ray diffraction test revealed that the clay minerals content in the seven location clay deposit varies depending on location. The study revealed that the clay mineralogical composition affects the suitability of the soil as a landfill liner material. Four among the seven clay deposits considered in this study were found suitable as a liner for solid waste landfills as compared with landfill material standard specifications.
Original Research Paper
Rock Mechanics
masoud yazdani; Mohammad Fatehi Marji; Mehdi Najafi; Manouchehr Sanei
Abstract
Around 70% of the world's hydrocarbon fields are situated in reservoirs containing low-strength rocks, such as sandstone. During the production of hydrocarbons from sandstone reservoirs, sand-sized particles may become dislodged from the formation and enter the hydrocarbon fluid flow. Sand production ...
Read More
Around 70% of the world's hydrocarbon fields are situated in reservoirs containing low-strength rocks, such as sandstone. During the production of hydrocarbons from sandstone reservoirs, sand-sized particles may become dislodged from the formation and enter the hydrocarbon fluid flow. Sand production is a significant issue in the oil industry due to its potential to cause erosion of pipes and valves. Separating grains from oil is a costly process. Oil and gas companies are motivated to reduce sand production during petroleum extraction. Hydraulic fracturing is one of the parameters that can influence sand production. However, understanding the complex interactions between hydraulic fracturing mechanisms and sand production around wellbores is critical for optimizing reservoir recovery and ensuring the integrity of production wells. This article explores the integrated simulation approach to model hydraulic fracturing processes and assess their effects on sand production. Two-dimensional models were created using the discrete element method in PFC2D software for this research. The fractures' length in the models varies based on the well's radius. The angle between two fractures at 90 and 180 degrees to each other was also modeled. In the first case, the length of the fracture is less than the radius of the well, in the second case, the values are equal and finally, the fracture length is assumed to exceed the well radius. The calibrated and validated results demonstrate the change in sand production rate in comparison to the unbroken state.
Original Research Paper
Environment
Asghar Azadehranjbar; Shahrzad khoramnejadian; Alireza Pendashteh; Saeidreza Asemi Zavareh
Abstract
Mining and minerals extraction and purification are critical in today’s world. However, these processes may have negative consequences on the environment. Xanthates which are essential in the floatation process are found to be significant polluting chemicals. In this manuscript, the effect of different ...
Read More
Mining and minerals extraction and purification are critical in today’s world. However, these processes may have negative consequences on the environment. Xanthates which are essential in the floatation process are found to be significant polluting chemicals. In this manuscript, the effect of different parameters on the recovery of lead from Nakhlak lead mine was investigated considering the impact of used chemicals on the surrounding environment including air, soil and native plant species. The reason for this investigation was to achieve the optimal conditions for the minimum consumption of xanthates and other chemicals. The optimal recovery was obtained in the presence of xanthate (1 kg/t) and sodium silicate (0.4 kg/t). In addition, MIBC showed to be more efficient in the floatation process. Furthermore, it was observed that higher xanthate contents are required for the floatation of large particles. Therefore, smaller particles of feed can decrease xanthate consumption. A particle size of 100 µm showed the best floatation recovery with the least xanthate requirement.
Case Study
Exploration
Moslem Jahantigh; Hamid Reza Ramazi
Abstract
Fuzzy c-means (FCM) is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm. This method assists in integrating airborne geophysics data and extracting automatic geological map. This paper tries to combine airborne geophysics data consisting of aeromagnetic, potassium, and thorium layers to classify the lithological ...
Read More
Fuzzy c-means (FCM) is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm. This method assists in integrating airborne geophysics data and extracting automatic geological map. This paper tries to combine airborne geophysics data consisting of aeromagnetic, potassium, and thorium layers to classify the lithological map of the Shahr-e-Babak area, a world-class porphyry area in the south of Iran. The resulting clusters with FCM show appropriate coincidence with the geological map of the study area. The clusters are adapted with high magnetic anomalies corresponding to the mafic volcanic rocks and the clusters with high radiometric signature associated with igneous rocks. The cluster is associated with low magnetic anomaly and low radioelements concentration representing sedimentary rocks. some clusters are associated with two or more lithological formations due to similar signatures of geophysics properties. The fuzzy score membership in all clusters is above 0.71 indicating a high correlation between geological signatures and multigeophysical data. This study shows geophysical signatures analyzed with the machine learning method can reveal geological units.
Review Paper
Rock Mechanics
Mohammad Reza Shahverdiloo; Shokroallah Zare
Abstract
The deformation modulus of rock mass is necessary for stability analysis of rock structures, which is generally estimated by empirical models with one to five input parameters/indexes. However, appropriate input parameter participation to establish a sound basis for a reliable prediction has been a challenging ...
Read More
The deformation modulus of rock mass is necessary for stability analysis of rock structures, which is generally estimated by empirical models with one to five input parameters/indexes. However, appropriate input parameter participation to establish a sound basis for a reliable prediction has been a challenging task. In this study, the concept of the principal input parameters was developed based on an analytical method with an emphasis on in situ stress. Based on analytical methods, Young’s modulus of intact rock, the joint’s shear and normal stiffness, joint set spacing, and in situ stress are introduced as the main principal input parameters. A review of seventy empirical models revealed that most of them suffered from a lack of analytical parameters. Due to considering practical issues, the geological strength index (GSI) is replaced with joint set spacing; moreover, the in situ stress effect is perceived by combining Young’s modulus and joint stiffness with specific confining pressure and normal stress, respectively. The integration of the analytical base input parameters and practical issues enhanced the reliability of empirical models due to the reasonable prediction of the deformation modulus to numerical or analytical deformability analysis.
Original Research Paper
Exploitation
mohammad hossein jalalian; Raheb Bagherpour; mehrbod khoshouei; S. Najmedin Almasi
Abstract
Diamond wire cutting is a common method to extract dimension stones, which depends on various factors, including the mechanical and physical properties of the stone, cutting specifications, and operational characteristics. Specific energy, production rate, efficiency, and wear of diamond beads are some ...
Read More
Diamond wire cutting is a common method to extract dimension stones, which depends on various factors, including the mechanical and physical properties of the stone, cutting specifications, and operational characteristics. Specific energy, production rate, efficiency, and wear of diamond beads are some of the criteria that influence economic and environmental optimization of diamond wire cutting operations. In this study, the specific energy of the diamond wire cutting process was measured for 11 samples of Granite stones. By analyzing the impact of parameters such as stone density, porosity, and cutting rate on energy consumption, a linear regression model was developed with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.944 to predict specific energy for different types of stones. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA, have confirmed that the model accurately predicts specific energy values. Data from three new stone samples were used to validate the model, and their predicted energy values were compared with actual values. The model presented achieved an R2 value of 0.827, demonstrating its high accuracy. The results indicate that energy consumption in dimension stone cutting operation can be accurately predicted and characterized indirectly using high precision stone properties and operational parameters. This method can accurately and indirectly monitor energy consumption and cutting machine performance during the dimension stone cutting operation and can be used to optimize economic and environmental aspects of this process.
Original Research Paper
Rock Mechanics
Dariush Mohammadi; Kourosh Shahriar; Parviz Moarefvand; Ebrahim Farrokh
Abstract
The correct design of the cutterhead of a tunnel boring machine (TBM) plays a vital role in the efficient operation of the machine, as the cutterhead structure remains unchanged during the tunneling project. This paper aims to elucidate the fundamental principles in the design of the cutterhead opening ...
Read More
The correct design of the cutterhead of a tunnel boring machine (TBM) plays a vital role in the efficient operation of the machine, as the cutterhead structure remains unchanged during the tunneling project. This paper aims to elucidate the fundamental principles in the design of the cutterhead opening in soft ground based on data obtained from TBM manufacturers. Initially, a comprehensive database of soft ground cutterheads from different TBM manufacturers across various projects and ground conditions was compiled. The most frequently used cutterhead configurations with diameters exceeding 5 meters were categorized into 36 distinct opening configurations based on a radial opening ratio curve and opening patterns per sector. Next, the performance parameters and particle flow characteristics of three Herrenknecht cutterhead designs featuring varying opening configurations in the central and circumference areas were analyzed using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) by considering material parameters for machine and soil and contact parameters between soil particles and soil particles-machine structures. Hertz–Mindlin model was assigned as the contact model for these elements. Additionally, three different cutterheads employed in Tehran metro projects in Iran were identified by monitoring the cutterhead torque and thrust force under same geotechnical conditions and operational parameters. Generally, a higher opening percentage in the central area of the cutterhead indicates good performance during excavation in cohesive soils. However, the higher opening percentage in circumferential areas is a better choice for effective excavated material removal around the cutterhead and tunnel in non-cohesive soils, weathered rocks, mixed and heterogeneous conditions.
Original Research Paper
Rock Mechanics
vahab sarfarazi; Lei zhou; Hadi Haeri; Parastou Salehipour; Ali Elahi; Ali Moayer; Mohammad Fatehi Marji
Abstract
The mechanical behavior of rock-rock bolt interface considering the effects of indents’ shape and their number was numerically simulated based on discrete element method using the two-dimensional particle flow code. The conventional and standard uniaxial compressive and Brazilian tensile strengths ...
Read More
The mechanical behavior of rock-rock bolt interface considering the effects of indents’ shape and their number was numerically simulated based on discrete element method using the two-dimensional particle flow code. The conventional and standard uniaxial compressive and Brazilian tensile strengths tests were used to calibrate the modelled samples with 100 cm 100 cm in dimension. The numerical models were prepared such that different indent shape and number were inserted in the cable bolts arrangements during the rock reinforcement process. The effects of confining pressure 3.7 MPa and different shear failure loads were modeled for the punch shear test of the concrete specimens. The results of this study showed that the dominant failure mode of the rock-cable bolt interface was of tensile mode and the shape and number of cable indents significantly affected the strength and mechanical behavior of the modelled samples. It has also been showed that the indent dimensions and number affected the shear strength of the interfaces.
Original Research Paper
Environment
Behnoosh khataei; Farhad Qaderi; Farzad Mosavat
Abstract
The increase in the number of factories, the industrialization of human life, and the increasing use of industrial paints have caused an increase in dye wastewater and consequent environmental pollution. Discharging wastewater containing the dyes mentioned above, which are often carcinogenic, is a severe ...
Read More
The increase in the number of factories, the industrialization of human life, and the increasing use of industrial paints have caused an increase in dye wastewater and consequent environmental pollution. Discharging wastewater containing the dyes mentioned above, which are often carcinogenic, is a severe threat to living organisms. In this research, a photocatalytic method (as an advanced oxidation method) using zinc oxide nanoparticles was investigated to treat the colored wastewater containing methylene blue. This type of nanoparticle is cheap (based on the used synthesis method), abundant and readily available, and low in toxicity. For this purpose, an evaluation of the optimal ratio between zinc acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was carried out. Furthermore, the simultaneous decreasing and increasing effects of independent parameters (pH, irradiation time, methylene blue concentration, zinc acetate to PVP ratio) on the efficiency of the photocatalytic process and kinetic model were evaluated. The results showed that the best pollutant removal efficiency (91.7%) was obtained using the ratio of zinc acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone equal to 33.67 in 60 minutes of irradiation time. This result shows that the lower ratio of zinc acetate to polyvinylpyrrolidone indicates higher dye removal.
Original Research Paper
Rock Mechanics
Mohammad Rezaei; Seyed Zanyar Seyed Mousavi; Kamran Esmaeili
Abstract
This study introduces a novel approach, known as Hybrid Probabilistic Slope Stability Analysis (HPSSA), tailored for Mine 4 of the Gol-E-Gohar iron complex in Iran. The mine walls are first divided into 8 separate structural zones, including A-A' to H-H' sections for slope stability analysis. Then, sufficient ...
Read More
This study introduces a novel approach, known as Hybrid Probabilistic Slope Stability Analysis (HPSSA), tailored for Mine 4 of the Gol-E-Gohar iron complex in Iran. The mine walls are first divided into 8 separate structural zones, including A-A' to H-H' sections for slope stability analysis. Then, sufficient core specimens are prepared from 22 drilled boreholes and the required parameters for slope design, including cohesion (c), friction angle (φ), and unit weight (γ), are measured. Finally, the HPSSA approach is performed through the combination of Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), Mohr-Coulomb criterion and Bishop's technique. According to the HPSSA results, the normal distribution function is achieved as the best curve fit for c, φ and γ parameters. Also, the obtained values of mean probabilistic safety factor (SF) for defined structural zones vary from 0.93 to 1.86, with the probability of failure (PF) of 0 to 75.6%. Moreover, SF values varied from 0.68 to 1.22 (mean value of 0.93) with a PF of 75% for the A-A' section and from 0.65 to 1.24 (mean value of 0.97) with a PF of 60% for the H-H' section. Hence, it is concluded that the A-A' section and mine’s north wall are more prone to instability with PF>60%. On the other hand, SF>1.2 and PF<5% for other mine walls (sections B-B'-G-G') prove that they are highly unlikely to be unstable. Displacement monitoring of the pit walls using installed prisms confirmed that average displacements in structural zones have a similar trend with SF values of the HPSSA. The results show a good agreement between the trend of probabilistic SFs and monitored slope displacements. Lastly, comparative analysis confirmed the validity of the suggested HPSSA approach with relatively higher accuracy than most previous slope stability analysis methods.
Original Research Paper
Exploration
Rashed Pourmirzaee; Hadi Jamshid Moghaddam
Abstract
In recent years, hyperspectral data have been widely used in earth sciences because these data provide accurate spectral information of the earth's surface. This research aims to apply match filtering (MF) on Hyperion hyperspectral imagery for mapping alteration mineral in the Astarghan area, NW Iran. ...
Read More
In recent years, hyperspectral data have been widely used in earth sciences because these data provide accurate spectral information of the earth's surface. This research aims to apply match filtering (MF) on Hyperion hyperspectral imagery for mapping alteration mineral in the Astarghan area, NW Iran. Astarghan is located in the northwest of Iran where deposits of low-sulfide gold-bearing ore rocks occur as veins and stockworks. Therefore, at first, the Astarghan Hyperion scene was topographically and atmospherically corrected. Then, the data quality was surveyed to recognize bad bands and improve the accuracy of the subsequent processing steps. In MF analysis, it is a challenge to separate MF abundance images to target and background pixels. Therefore, to cope with this challenge, a moving threshold technique is proposed. The results indicated three indicative minerals including kaolinite, opal and jarosite. Then, the results were statistically verified by virtual verification and geological data. The verification was performed virtually using United States Geological Survey (USGS) spectral library data, which showed an agreement of 78.06%. Moreover, a comparison of the MF analysis results showed a good agreement with field investigations and overlaying with a detailed geological map of the study area. Finally, in this study the X-ray diffraction (XRD) of three indicative mineral samples was used to check the efficiency of the applied method.
Original Research Paper
Rock Mechanics
Ehsan Taheri; Reza Mohammadpour; Mohammad Hossein Mokhtarzadeh
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for new trenchless methods has dramatically risen. Pipe jacking is a trenchless method widely used in recent years. Ground deformation is one of the significant parameters that may lead to unrepairable harm to facilities and even people. So, ground deformation analysis is ...
Read More
In recent years, the demand for new trenchless methods has dramatically risen. Pipe jacking is a trenchless method widely used in recent years. Ground deformation is one of the significant parameters that may lead to unrepairable harm to facilities and even people. So, ground deformation analysis is necessary for safety and design reasons. The present study analyzes the factors affecting ground deformation during pipe jacking. This is a descriptive-interventional study. Pipe jacking causes soil displacement in three dimensions (3-D). Therefore, 3-D numerical methods were applied for analysis. In this study, numerical simulation was performed using PLAXIS finite element numerical software, taking the case study into account. The effect of each parameter on the ground deformation pattern was studied in three directions; the uplift and their exact position were then analyzed. It should be noted that displacement analyses were performed in two areas: pipe crown and ground surface. Also, the relation of each parameter was estimated with the ground subsidence. Finally, the effect of each different factor and their sensitivity index were determined using sensitivity analysis. The highest subsidence occurs at the end of the shield due to stress relaxation. Considering the results, it was found that the relationship between the internal friction angle and subsidence is linear and direct. The relationship between the elastic modulus and subsidence is also linear but indirect. The results indicate that the most sensitive factor of ground deformation is the diameter, but the least sensitive factor is the face pressure.
Original Research Paper
Mineral Processing
reza zolfaghari; Mohammad Karamoozian
Abstract
In flotation, entrainment (ENT) affects the recovery of the concentrate, and the entrainment model is often supposed to be only a function of particle size in models. Some research shows that other variables may also significantly affect ENT. In this study, some flotation experiments executed using a ...
Read More
In flotation, entrainment (ENT) affects the recovery of the concentrate, and the entrainment model is often supposed to be only a function of particle size in models. Some research shows that other variables may also significantly affect ENT. In this study, some flotation experiments executed using a mixture of pure quartz as the valuable mineral and a pure magnetite sample as the gangue mineral to investigate the effects of other variables, such as solid content, airflow rate, frother, and collector dosages, on ENT. The results showed ENT varied from 0.071 to 0.851 is different, while the entrainment recovery was between 0.006 to 0.23, which means that the difference is statistically significant. ENT affected by (1) collector dosage, (2) frother dosage, (3) solid content, (4) the interaction between airflow rate and solid content and, (5) the interaction between airflow rate and frother dosage. An empirical statistical model is presented based on operational parameters. As the present models for ENT incorporate just particle size, it is not enough to predict gangue recovery in industrial applications by keeping the operating conditions constant. This novel model can predict ENT based on different operational parameters. The developed model is presented based on the particle mass by changing the operation parameters.
Original Research Paper
Rock Mechanics
Amirhossein Naseri; Behnam Maleki; Tohid Asheghi Mehmandari; Amin Tohidi; Ahmad Fahimifar
Abstract
The present study delves into investigating the impact of sample size and geometry on the mechanical behavior of rock and concrete. More specifically, it examines factors including Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), Elastic Modulus (E), and Pressure Wave Velocity (Vp). Results indicated a notable correlation ...
Read More
The present study delves into investigating the impact of sample size and geometry on the mechanical behavior of rock and concrete. More specifically, it examines factors including Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), Elastic Modulus (E), and Pressure Wave Velocity (Vp). Results indicated a notable correlation between the dimensions and morphology of the specimens with these properties. All tests were conducted at a uniform loading rate of 0.002 mm/s. According to the outcomes, the effect of sample size and shape on UCS for concrete is more predictable than for rock. The increase in the sample size led to an initial increase followed by a decline in the UCS values of the rocks. Furthermore, the concrete typically showed a drop in the UCS values as sample size increased. The UCS and E values rose at first before falling, suggesting the existence of a sample size with maximum UCS. The Vp values of the prismatic rock and concrete samples continually grew. After attaining their optimum strength, the prismatic samples showed greater degrees of flexibility and ductility compared to cylindrical ones because of post peak behavior. This suggests that prismatic samples, with their less slender geometry and reduced tendency for brittle behavior, are deemed more suitable for UCS testing. These results can improve the accuracy of assessing the mechanical properties of tunneling materials, particularly those used in subsurface construction in urban roads and highways.
Original Research Paper
Exploration
Seyyed Saeed Ghannadpour; Samaneh Esmaelzadeh Kalkhoran; Maedeh Behifar; Hadi Jalili
Abstract
In this study, with the aim of identifying alteration zones related to the porphyry copper system, satellite images are processed in study area (the Zafarghand exploration area) in the NE of Isfahan. For this purpose, one of the common methods of separating geochemical anomalies from the background, ...
Read More
In this study, with the aim of identifying alteration zones related to the porphyry copper system, satellite images are processed in study area (the Zafarghand exploration area) in the NE of Isfahan. For this purpose, one of the common methods of separating geochemical anomalies from the background, i.e. fractal Concentration-Number (C-N) model, has been employed. The C-N fractal model will normally be implemented on geochemical samples. While in this study, the digital number values belonging to the pixels of the ASTER sensor image are considered as a systematic sample network and also as input for this model. The output of this processing has been prepared in the form of maps of promising areas of the Zafarghand region. The correspondence of the resulting maps with the alteration map of the region shows that applying the proposed method in determining the propylitic and phyllic alteration zones has had acceptable performance. Finally, with the help of the aforementioned proposed method, a map of the promising areas of the study area has been prepared, and based on that, new zones of alterations have been introduced in the region.
Original Research Paper
Environment
Feridon Ghadimi; Amirhossein Solaimani
Abstract
Chogan region is located in the west of the Urmia-Dokhtar volcanic belt and northwest of the Markazi province in Komijan City. Copper mineralization has a vein type with a length of 260 meters and an average thickness of 4 meters. Mineralization was taken in a sheared silica vein. Eighty three samples ...
Read More
Chogan region is located in the west of the Urmia-Dokhtar volcanic belt and northwest of the Markazi province in Komijan City. Copper mineralization has a vein type with a length of 260 meters and an average thickness of 4 meters. Mineralization was taken in a sheared silica vein. Eighty three samples were taken from the surface ground, in the trenches and it determined the concentration of 10 elements such as Fe, Al, Ca, Ba, S, Mn, As, Pb, Zn, and Cu. It was determined, that S, Ba, Mn, Fe, and Cu are secondary elements in the tuffs by the method of factor and cluster analysis. The constituent mineral such as barite and malachite are vein-shaped, but iron oxides such as hematite and goethite in the form of iron gossan. Geochemical, mineralogical, and geophysical (IP/RS) indices were investigated to separate copper oxide and copper sulfide zones. Sulfur and Ba were used in barite and excess S was chosen as sulfide index (Is). Chalcopyrite and metal factor were chosen as separating oxide and sulfide zones. By combining the geochemical and metal factor, it was approximated the apparent sulfide zone depth and confirmed with actual depth in borehole and error was less than 12%.
Original Research Paper
Rock Mechanics
Aref Jaberi; Shokroallah Zare
Abstract
Unlike the mechanical properties of intact rock, which can be obtained on a laboratory scale, estimating the mechanical properties of the jointed rock mass is very difficult due to the presence of different joints and the complexity of the joints. Therefore, to calculate the mechanical parameters of ...
Read More
Unlike the mechanical properties of intact rock, which can be obtained on a laboratory scale, estimating the mechanical properties of the jointed rock mass is very difficult due to the presence of different joints and the complexity of the joints. Therefore, to calculate the mechanical parameters of the jointed rock mass and use the continuous media theory of the jointed rock mass, it is necessary to calculate the Representative Element Volume (REV) of the rock mass. In this study, the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and the mechanical index of strength were used to investigate the effect of persistent and non-persistent joint angles, as well as model size on the REV in x, y, and z directions. The numerical results showed that by changing the joint angles and side length, both the strength and the REV of the rock mass were affected. The maximum representative side length for the persistent joint in the x and z directions occurred at angles of 60° and 75°, respectively. The minimum strength was obtained for joints in the x and z directions at a 45° angle. Finally, the REV for persistent and non-persistent joints is calculated as 10*0.5*8m and 4*0.5*4m, respectively.
Original Research Paper
Exploration
Kamran Mostafaei; Mohammad Nabi Kianpour; Mahyar Yousefi; Meisam Saleki
Abstract
Discrimination of geochemical anomalies from background is a challenge in that elemental dispersion patterns are affected by a variety of geological factors, which vary from one to another area. While statistical and fractal methods are commonly employed for anomaly detection, they struggle with selecting ...
Read More
Discrimination of geochemical anomalies from background is a challenge in that elemental dispersion patterns are affected by a variety of geological factors, which vary from one to another area. While statistical and fractal methods are commonly employed for anomaly detection, they struggle with selecting optimal thresholds. This study proposes the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm as a novel approach for identifying the optimal boundary between anomalies and background. Stream sediment geochemical data from a copper-mineralized area of the Sarduiyeh-Baft sheets in southeast Iran were utilized for analysis. The Geochemical Mineralization Probability Index (GMPI) was first calculated for Cu-Au, Mo-As, Pb-Zn, and porphyry distributions. Subsequently, fractal methods were used to identify anomalous populations within each GMPI. The GWO algorithm was then applied to these distributions to determine the optimal thresholds. Risk analysis, calculated as the ratio of covered copper occurrences to the covered area, revealed superior reliability for the GWO-derived limit compared to those obtained using fractal methods. For porphyry GMPI values, while the fractal reliability indices are 0.127, 0.44, and 0.5, the GWO limit achieved a value of 0.66. Risk analysis for Cu-Au distribution also caused more desired result for GWO limit rather that fractal ones. This demonstrates the enhanced performance and superior reliability of the GWO algorithm for optimizing anomaly detection thresholds in GMPI data.
Original Research Paper
Exploitation
Pouya Nobahar; Yashar Pourrahimian; Roohollah Shirani Faradonbeh; Fereydoun Mollaei Koshki
Abstract
Mineral reserve evaluation and ore type detection using data from exploratory boreholes are critical in mine design and extraction. However, preparing core samples and conducting chemical and physical tests is a time-consuming and costly procedure, slowing down the modeling process. This paper presents ...
Read More
Mineral reserve evaluation and ore type detection using data from exploratory boreholes are critical in mine design and extraction. However, preparing core samples and conducting chemical and physical tests is a time-consuming and costly procedure, slowing down the modeling process. This paper presents a novel Deep Learning (DL)-based model to recognize the types of kaolinite samples. For this purpose, a dataset containing the images of drilled cores and their types determined from conventional chemical and physical analyses was used. Eight Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) topologies based on individual features were developed, named A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H. Six of the eight proposed CNN topologies described above had accuracy below 80%, whereas two of them, model A and H, had higher accuracy than other topologies. Due to their similarity in results, both of them analyzed deeply. Model A was more efficient, with 90% accuracy, than model B, with 84% accuracy. Furthermore, the class detection performance of model A was further evaluated using different indices, including precision, recall, and F1-score, which resulted in values of 92%, 92%, and 90%, respectively, which are acceptable accuracies to identify the type of samples when using this approach on six different types of kaolinite.
Original Research Paper
Rock Mechanics
Hamed Farajollahi; Mohammad Mohammadi; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi
Abstract
A better understanding of rock mass behavior is an essential part of the design and construction of underground structures. Any improvement in the understanding of the behavior of rock mass will facilitate the improvement of the design in terms of the safety of the working environment, long-term safety ...
Read More
A better understanding of rock mass behavior is an essential part of the design and construction of underground structures. Any improvement in the understanding of the behavior of rock mass will facilitate the improvement of the design in terms of the safety of the working environment, long-term safety of the structure, environmental effects, and sound management of public or private resources. Thus, in step one in this paper the experience gained from the application of the GDE (Geo Data Engineering) multiple graph approach for rock mass classification and assessment of its behavior through the course of excavation of the Alborz tunnel is presented. The predicted hazards are compared with the experienced problems and suggestions are given to be considered in future works of tunnel construction. In step two, the GDE multiple graph approach is compared to the rock mass behavior types proposed by Palmstrom & Stille (2007) in terms of the continuity of rock mass. The result of this comparison together with the data obtained from rock mass classification in the Alborz tunnel are used to develop a system that determines the applicability of the rock bolt supporting factor (RSF) in different rock mass behavior classes.
Original Research Paper
Exploration
mobin saremi; Abbas Maghsoudi; Reza Ghezelbash; mahyar yousefi; Ardeshir Hezarkhani
Abstract
Mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM) is a multi-step and complex process designed to narrow down the target areas for exploratory activities in subsequent stages. To pinpoint promising zones of porphyry copper mineralization in the Varzaghan district, NW Iran, various exploration evidence layers were ...
Read More
Mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM) is a multi-step and complex process designed to narrow down the target areas for exploratory activities in subsequent stages. To pinpoint promising zones of porphyry copper mineralization in the Varzaghan district, NW Iran, various exploration evidence layers were employed in alignment with the conceptual model of these deposits. These layers encompass fault density, proximity to intrusive rocks, multi-element geochemical anomalies, and distances to phyllic and argillic alterations. The geochemical anomaly maps, recognized as the most effective layers, were generated through staged factor analysis (SFA) and the geochemical mineralization probability index (GMPI). Other layers were weighted using a logistic function, and their values were transformed into 0 -1 interval. Ultimately, to integrate the weighted layers, the fuzzy gamma operator and the geometric average method were applied. The normalized density index and prediction-area (P-A) plot were employed to evaluate the MPM models. The findings indicate that the developed models possess considerable validity and can be effectively utilized for planning future exploration endeavors.
Original Research Paper
Mineral Processing
Seyyed Mohsen Zamzami; Javad Vazifeh Mehrabani
Abstract
In this research, solid phase settling process from the liquid phase were optimized simultaneously on the different responses, using the response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of solid percentage, flocculant dosage, temperature, and pulp pH were evaluated on the responses of solid settling velocity, ...
Read More
In this research, solid phase settling process from the liquid phase were optimized simultaneously on the different responses, using the response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of solid percentage, flocculant dosage, temperature, and pulp pH were evaluated on the responses of solid settling velocity, water turbidity, viscosity and density of settled pulp. The results showed that by increasing the flocculant dosage from 0.5 to 3.5 g/ton, settled pulp viscosity decreases from 49.05 cSt to 17.54 cSt. The higher values of pulp pH as well as low amount of solid percentage resulted in high water turbidity, which shows the lack of contact between flocs and suspended particles. The results indicated that the pulp solid percentage and the flocculants dosage are the most significant parameters on the responses. Optimum test conditions were obtained in industrial mode by using 5 g/t flocculant, solid percentage 23.96%, pH=7.5 temperature of the pulp 21.5°C in which condition, settling rate, pulp viscosity, pulp density and water turbidity were predicted to be 13.23 cm/min, 5.1 cSt, 1.61 g/cm3 and 15.7 NTU respectively. Repetition test in the model predicted optimum condition was carried out and verified the predicted optimized condition.
Original Research Paper
Rock Mechanics
Dariush Kaveh Ahangaran; Kaveh Ahangari; Mosleh Eftekhari
Abstract
Blast damage on the stability of the slopes plays an important role in the profitability and safety of mines. Determination of this damage is also revealed in the widely used Hoek-Brown failure criterion. Of course, this damage is used as a moderating factor in this failure criterion, and its accurate ...
Read More
Blast damage on the stability of the slopes plays an important role in the profitability and safety of mines. Determination of this damage is also revealed in the widely used Hoek-Brown failure criterion. Of course, this damage is used as a moderating factor in this failure criterion, and its accurate determination is considered an important challenge in rock engineering. This study aims to investigate the effect of geological structures in blast damage factor using 3D discrete element modeling of two slopes with different directions of geological discontinuities. The dynamic pressure of the explosion is also simulated in three blastholes. To ensure the modeling results, other dynamic properties of the model have been selected based on the proven studies. An analytical analysis was conducted based on the failure zones (blast damage area), and quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed using the recorded PPV values during the blasting simulation. The results show that the geological discontinuities control, damp, and reduce blast damage. The expansion of blast damage is reduced by 75% along with the increase in rock mass strength, and the blast damage can expand up to 33 meters along with the decrease in strength. By reducing the distance of discontinuities, the role of discontinuities in damping becomes greater than other properties of the rock mass and the discontinuities further away from the blasting hole create more damping. The relation between the distance from the Hole and PPV values shows that for more realistic slope stability analysis results, the values of the damage factor in the Hoek-Brown failure criterion should be applied gradually and decreasingly in layers parallel to the slope surface.
Original Research Paper
Environment
Aditi Nag
Abstract
Using quantitative data from visitor surveys, Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), and stakeholder perspectives, this paper investigates the growth of sustainable tourism at Dhori Mines, a noteworthy mining heritage site (MHS) in India. The survey reveals that 82% of visitors value a site's heritage ...
Read More
Using quantitative data from visitor surveys, Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), and stakeholder perspectives, this paper investigates the growth of sustainable tourism at Dhori Mines, a noteworthy mining heritage site (MHS) in India. The survey reveals that 82% of visitors value a site's heritage value and prefer immersive experiences that highlight its cultural and historical significance, highlighting the complex relationship between conservation efforts and visitor engagement. The EIA revealed that 68% of regions experienced moderate to severe environmental degradation, and water contamination increased by 22% since baseline measurements. The findings suggest targeted measures to reduce environmental effects and encourage ethical tourism, emphasizing the importance of inclusive decision-making and collaborative governance in balancing conservation objectives with visitor satisfaction. Developing tailored visitor experiences, implementing sustainable practices based on EIA data, and enhancing community participation are merely some of the important recommendations made in the paper's conclusion. The research provides managers and policymakers with evidence-based recommendations for preserving the environmental sustainability and cultural integrity of MHSs like Dhori Mines, contributing to the growing knowledge on sustainable heritage tourism. Future research prospects include long-term monitoring of environmental impacts, assessing socio-economic outcomes for local communities, and conducting comparative studies across different MHSs.
Original Research Paper
Environment
Daniyal Ghadyani; Amirhossein Badraddini; Mohammad Mirzehi Kalateh Kazemi; vahab sarfarazi; Hadi Haeri; Jinwei Fu; Sohrab Naser Mostofi; Vahid Khodabandeloo; Mohammad Fatehi Marji
Abstract
Regarding the hazard-prone working conditions in underground mines, synchronous monitoring and alarm system is vital to increase the safety. By analyzing the accidents in underground mines in Iran, it can be deduced that most fatalities are related to gas leakage, objects drop off on the head, and not ...
Read More
Regarding the hazard-prone working conditions in underground mines, synchronous monitoring and alarm system is vital to increase the safety. By analyzing the accidents in underground mines in Iran, it can be deduced that most fatalities are related to gas leakage, objects drop off on the head, and not using helmets by the staff. Therefore, a smart helmet with the capability of measuring harmful gasses (regarding the type of the mine), detection of the existence of the helmet on the head, temperature and humidity measurement, and detection of blow on the head is designed and fabricated to eliminate the present dangers and problems. This system displays the evaluated data on a developed software through wireless data transmission hardware. The data transmission hardware is the primary a link between the intelligent safety helmet and the software. To follow the idea, practical experiments have been performed in Parvadeh four and East Parvadeh of Tabas coal mine to confirm the validity of data transmission that culminated in successful results. The results were altered by the complexity of the design of the underground spaces so that in a straight direction, data transmission was held until 430 meters. However, further progress was not possible due to tunnel limitations. Data transmission was reduced to 190 meters in access horizons with curvatures or tilts. According to present standards, some thresholds are defined for each of the mentioned cases such that alarm protocol is activated by exceeding these thresholds in critical circumstances. Then the helmet user and the software’s operator will be informed of the occurred danger and will settle the problem. The system outlined in this study ensures performance reliability through its alarm package. A key innovation is the in-depth examination of the impact of head injuries, transforming it into other factors by analyzing relevant content and setting boundaries for assessment rather than using specific numbers. Furthermore, the most evident aspect of this design is the enhancement of the managerial approach, which includes an attendance evaluation platform and performance reporting within the system.
Review Paper
Exploration
Abdalmajed Milad Shlof; Mohd Hariri Arifin; MUHAMMAD TAQIUDDIN ZAKARIA; Emmanuel O. Salufu
Abstract
More than sixty thermal springs have been detected across Peninsular Malaysia, with about 75% conveniently located in easily accessible areas. The potential for thermal energy growth has been recognized at four hot spring localities: Lojing, Dusun Tua, Ulu Slim, and Sungai Klah. This article analyses ...
Read More
More than sixty thermal springs have been detected across Peninsular Malaysia, with about 75% conveniently located in easily accessible areas. The potential for thermal energy growth has been recognized at four hot spring localities: Lojing, Dusun Tua, Ulu Slim, and Sungai Klah. This article analyses Peninsular Malaysia's geothermal development's geological, geochemical, and geophysical research to assess its appropriateness and performance. The geological data provide insights into the structural characteristics and spatial distribution of thermal springs within the studied area. Geochemical studies measure reservoir temperatures, revealing the highest recorded temperature exceeds 189°C. The review shows that the hot springs are derived from a recharge region linked to high-altitude topography, with their source being meteoric water. Several geophysical techniques, such as transient electromagnet (TEM), gravity, land and satellite magnetic, ground penetration radar (GPR), seismic, resistivity, and induced polarization (IP), have been employed to examine the geothermal system in Malaysia. The sole magnetotelluric (MT) investigation at Ulu Slim deviates from this pattern. The source suggests uncertainty regarding accuracy related to station distance, highlighting these concerns. Most studies indicate that magma intrusion is the most likely heat source. To offer a comprehensive understanding of Peninsular Malaysia's geothermal potential, this study reviews previous research and presents a feasible model that incorporates all current facts.
Original Research Paper
Exploration
parnian javadisharif; Alireza Arab Amiri; Behzad Tokhmechi (غیرفعال); Fereydoun Sharifi
Abstract
The technique referred to as Complex Resistivity (CR) or Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) possesses the capability to distinguish between various kinds of minerals or the sources of induced polarization by utilizing the physical characteristics of minerals or polarizable inclusions. The Generalized ...
Read More
The technique referred to as Complex Resistivity (CR) or Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) possesses the capability to distinguish between various kinds of minerals or the sources of induced polarization by utilizing the physical characteristics of minerals or polarizable inclusions. The Generalized Effective Medium Theory of Induced Polarization (GEMTip) model is utilized to derive physical characteristics from SIP data. Different inversion methods are applied for this task, though they encounter difficulties such as computational costs, non-linearity, and the intricacy of the inverse issue. To tackle this, a new inversion approach based on Deep Learning (DL) via Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is proposed for predicting the parameters of polarizable particles from SIP data. The CNN is trained on 20000 synthetic datasets produced using the GEMTip forward model. While DL networks address non-linearities, specific modifications are applied to synthetic datasets to evaluate the influence of non-linearity and correlation on the results. In the Kervian region southwest of Saqqez city, gold mineralization is linked to quartz and pyrite minerals, with two types of pyrite recognized - coarse-grained barren and fine-grained auriferous. The existence of sulfide mineral pyrite, along with variations in pyrite sizes, presents an attractive target for SIP exploration in the investigated area. The trained network is also validated on Gravian data and effectively retrieves parameters as evidenced by the data. The proposed methodology simplifies the inversion process by estimating parameters in one step, enabling a direct and efficient procedure.
Original Research Paper
Exploitation
Moslem Jahantigh; Hamidreza Ramazi
Abstract
Various methods have been used for clustering big data. Pattern recognition methods are suitable methods for clustering these data. Due to the large volume of samples taken in the drilling of mines and their analysis for various elements, this category of geochemical data can be considered big data. ...
Read More
Various methods have been used for clustering big data. Pattern recognition methods are suitable methods for clustering these data. Due to the large volume of samples taken in the drilling of mines and their analysis for various elements, this category of geochemical data can be considered big data. Examining and evaluating drilling data in the Lar copper mine in Sistan and Baluchistan province located in the southeast of Iran requires the use of these methods. Therefore, the main goal of the article is the clustering of the drilling data in the mentioned mine and its zoning of the geochemical data. To achieve this goal, 3500 samples taken from drilling cores have been used. Elemental analysis for six elements has been done using the ICP-Ms method. Pattern recognition methods including SOM and K-MEANS have been used to evaluate the relation between these elements. The silhouette method has been used to determine and evaluate the number of clusters. Using this method, 4 clusters have been considered for the mentioned data. According to this method, it was found that the accuracy of clustering is higher in the SOM method. By considering the 4 clusters, 4 zones were identified using clustering methods. By comparing the results of the two methods and using the graphical method, it was determined that the SOM method has a better performance for clustering geochemical data in the studied area. Based on that, zones 2 and 4 were recognized as high-grade zones in this area.
Original Research Paper
Exploration
Hamid Reza Baghzendani; Hamid Aghajani; Gholam Hossein Karami
Abstract
Karsts are important sources of groundwater, and it is crucial to determine their water volume and quality. The Ravansar Karst spring in the Kermanshah province is a significant water resource with a substantial water volume in the area. The source of this spring is the carbonate rock unit from the Cretaceous ...
Read More
Karsts are important sources of groundwater, and it is crucial to determine their water volume and quality. The Ravansar Karst spring in the Kermanshah province is a significant water resource with a substantial water volume in the area. The source of this spring is the carbonate rock unit from the Cretaceous period and is affected by tectonic changes and faulting caused by movements related to the Zagros folding. In this work, geophysical methods of microgravity, electrical resistivity, and induced polarization have been utilized to identify the extent of karst development in the limestone units. The minimum residual gravity values are associated with karstification. The field dataset comprised two electrical profiles with the dipole- dipole and pole-dipole arrays. The resistivity and gravity data were inverted using a 2D algorithm based on the least square’s technique with a smoothing constraint. According to the processing and 3D modelling of gravity data; not only cavity-shaped voids and spacious cavity chambers were identified but also sub-structures and micro-karstification in carbonate rocks were detected. The most significant finding from the field survey is the detection of low gravimetric values, indicating relatively large holes and chambers that were previously unknown and inaccessible from ground level. These findings are consistent with known collapse and sediment infill features, as seen in surface sinkholes, cavities, and karstification systems. Geophysical surveys and field surveys show that the holes and karsts in the area are related to tectonic phenomena and faulting and are conduits for transporting water to the Ravansar spring.
