Exploitation
Gopinath Samanta; Tapan Dey; Suranjan Sinha
Abstract
The optimal layout of the stope (stope boundary) in an underground metal mine maximizes the profit of a deposit, subject to the geotechnical and operational mining constraints such as stope length, stope width, stope height. Various approaches have been introduced to address the stope boundary optimization ...
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The optimal layout of the stope (stope boundary) in an underground metal mine maximizes the profit of a deposit, subject to the geotechnical and operational mining constraints such as stope length, stope width, stope height. Various approaches have been introduced to address the stope boundary optimization problem, but due to the computational complexity and numerous practical constraints, the existing models offer partial solutions to the problem. In the present work, a mixed integer programming model has been developed by incorporating mining constraints in a three-dimensional framework. This model is developed based on profit maximization. The sensitivity analysis applied in a case study mine indicates that the model is efficient in assessing the upside potential and downside risk of profit under fluctuating metal prices and mining costs. Additionally, it can be applied at different stages of mine design to facilitate resource appraisal, selection of stoping methods, and comprehensive mine planning. In a practical application on a real orebody, it shows that the proposed model can generate upto 37.32% more profit compared to current stope design practice in the mines.
Exploitation
Marco Antonio Cotrina Teatino; Jairo Jhonatan Marquina Araujo; Jose Nestor Mamani Quispe; Solio Marino Arango-Retamozo; Johnny Henrry Ccatamayo-Barrios; Joe Alexis Gonzalez-Vasquez; Teofilo Donaires-Flores; Maxgabriel Alexis Calla-Huayapa
Abstract
Mining plays a crucial role in the economy of many countries, contributing significantly to GDP, employment, and industrial development. However, optimizing drilling and blasting operations remains a key challenge in open-pit mining due to its direct impact on operational costs and rock fragmentation ...
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Mining plays a crucial role in the economy of many countries, contributing significantly to GDP, employment, and industrial development. However, optimizing drilling and blasting operations remains a key challenge in open-pit mining due to its direct impact on operational costs and rock fragmentation efficiency. This work aims to optimize fragmentation (X50) and drilling and blasting costs using hybrid machine learning models, an innovative approach that improves predictive accuracy and economic feasibility. Six models were developed: Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Decision Trees (DT), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Regression (SVR), optimized using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The dataset, comprising 100 blasts, was split into 70% for training and 30% for testing. The SVR+PSO model achieved the highest accuracy for fragmentation prediction, with an RMSE of 0.27, MAE of 0.21, and R2 of 0.92. The RF+GA model was most effective for cost prediction, with an RMSE of 414.58, MAE of 354.14, and R2 of 0.99. Optimization scenarios were implemented by reducing burden (4.3 m to 3.8 m) and spacing (5.0 m to 4.5 m), achieving a 5.7% reduction in X50 (17.6 cm to 16.6 cm) and a 9.5% cost decrease (63,000 USD to 57,000 USD per blast). Predictions for 30 future blasts using the RF + GA model estimated a total cost of 1.7 MUSD, averaging 55,180 USD per blast. These findings confirm the effectiveness of machine learning in cost optimization and improving blasting efficiency, presenting a robust data-driven approach to optimizing mining operations.
Exploitation
Patrick Adeniyi Adesida; Sunday Adex Adaramola
Abstract
This study focuses on predicting the drillability of granitic rocks—precisely the wear rate of button bits, by integrating rock strength and mineralogical properties. The objective is to develop a predictive model for bit wear rate using a Rock Engineering System (RES) approach. Key rock parameters ...
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This study focuses on predicting the drillability of granitic rocks—precisely the wear rate of button bits, by integrating rock strength and mineralogical properties. The objective is to develop a predictive model for bit wear rate using a Rock Engineering System (RES) approach. Key rock parameters (uniaxial compressive strength, porosity, specific gravity, and the mineral content of quartz, plagioclase, hornblende, and biotite) were analysed via a RES interaction matrix to derive a new Drillability Index capturing their combined influence. This analysis revealed that UCS and porosity are the most influential factors in the system. The resulting RES-based model correlates strongly with observed bit wear rates, achieving a high coefficient of determination (R² ≈ 0.93) and low prediction errors (RMSE = 2.79, MAE = 2.14). The MAPE (= 38%) indicates a marked improvement in accuracy over traditional regression methods. Integrating mechanical and mineralogical factors is a novel approach to drillability prediction, providing a more comprehensive account of rock characteristics than conventional models. Validation results show that the RES-derived Drillability Index reliably predicts field performance, offering practical value for optimising drilling operations and guiding geomechanical analysis. Additionally, the study proposes a drillability classification scheme to further support the field application of the findings.
Exploitation
Gebremariam Mesele; Miruts Hagos; Bheemalingeswara Konka; Tsegabrhan Gebreset; Misgan Molla; N Rao Cheepurupalli; Girmay Hailu; Negassi Debeb; Assefa Hailesilasie
Abstract
The Dallol Depression, located in the northern Danakil Depression, has a complex geological history shaped by Afar rifting, containing approximately 1.7 km of evaporite deposits. These deposits, heavily influenced by volcanic activity and extensional tectonic faulting, exhibit significant structural ...
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The Dallol Depression, located in the northern Danakil Depression, has a complex geological history shaped by Afar rifting, containing approximately 1.7 km of evaporite deposits. These deposits, heavily influenced by volcanic activity and extensional tectonic faulting, exhibit significant structural variability. This research focuses on the potash-bearing section of the salt sequence, which consists of several distinct layers including the marker bed, sylvinite member, upper carnallitite member, bischofitite member, lower carnallitite member, and kainitite member. Employing satellite imagery (Landsat Thematic Mapper), geological and structural mapping, borehole data, and seismic analysis, this study characterizes the sub-surface features of the evaporites and estimates their reserves. The RockWorks software facilitated the development of a subsurface stratigraphic map and a three-dimensional fence diagram for enhanced interpretation. Seismic data indicate that while the upper layers of the evaporite deposits are largely horizontal and undeformed, deeper layers exhibit considerable tectonic disturbance. Thickness variations were observed, with evaporite and alluvial deposits being thinner at the southeastern rim and thicker in the eastern concession center. The total potash reserve is estimated at approximately 2.96 billion tons, of which 877.76 million tons (29.60%) remain unexploited. Current borehole designs restrict the company's extraction capacity to 24.64%. This study recommends revising mining strategies, incorporating updated borehole designs and advanced geophysical methods to improve potash recovery and promote sustainable practices in the Dallol region.
Exploitation
Abbas Khajouei Sirjani; Farhang Sereshki; Mohammad Ataei; Mohammad Amiri Hossaini
Abstract
The most significant detrimental consequence of blasting operations is ground vibration. This phenomenon not only causes instability in the mine walls but also extends its destructive effects to various facilities and structures over several kilometers. Various researchers have proposed equations for ...
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The most significant detrimental consequence of blasting operations is ground vibration. This phenomenon not only causes instability in the mine walls but also extends its destructive effects to various facilities and structures over several kilometers. Various researchers have proposed equations for predicting Peak Particle Velocity (PPV), which are typically based on two parameters: the charge per delay and the distance to the blast site. However, according to different studies, the results of blasting operations are influenced by several factors, including the blast pattern, rock mass properties, and the type of explosives used. Since artificial intelligence technology has not yet been fully assessed in the mining industry, this study employs linear and nonlinear statistical models to estimate PPV at Golgohar Iron Ore Mine No. 1. To achieve this goal, 58 sets of blasting data were collected and analyzed, including parameters such as blast hole length, burden thickness, row spacing of the blast holes, stemming length, the number of blast holes, total explosive charge, the seismograph's distance from the blast site, and the PPV recorded by an explosive system using a detonating fuse. In the first stage, ground vibration was predicted using linear and nonlinear multivariate statistical models. In the second stage, to determine the objective function for optimizing the blast design using the shuffled frog-leaping algorithm, the performance of the statistical models was evaluated using R², RMSE, and MAPE indices. The multivariate linear statistical model, with R² = 0.9247, RMSE = 9.235, and MAPE = 12.525, was proposed and used as the objective function. Ultimately, the results showed that the combination of the statistical model technique with the shuffled frog-leaping algorithm could reduce PPV by up to 31%.
Exploitation
Hamid Saberi; Mohammad Golmohammadi; Mohammadali Zanjani; Yaghoub Saberi
Abstract
The Bavanapadu-Nuvvalarevu coastal sector in Andhra Pradesh, India, hosts substantial subsurface heavy mineral (HM) resources, presenting significant economic potential. This study employs ArcGIS raster techniques to estimate Total Heavy Mineral (THM) and Total Economic Heavy Mineral (TEHM) resources ...
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The Bavanapadu-Nuvvalarevu coastal sector in Andhra Pradesh, India, hosts substantial subsurface heavy mineral (HM) resources, presenting significant economic potential. This study employs ArcGIS raster techniques to estimate Total Heavy Mineral (THM) and Total Economic Heavy Mineral (TEHM) resources in a 39 square kilometers area, integrating geospatial analysis with field data from core sediment samples. The findings reveal a total of 2.681953 million tons of THM, including 2.434422 million tons of TEHM, with the highest concentration observed in the top 1-meter sea bed sediment layer (1.605286 million tons). Ilmenite, garnet, and sillimanite dominate the mineral assemblage, accompanied by smaller quantities of zircon, monazite, and rutile, offering an estimated revenue potential of $634 to $851 million USD. The application of ArcGIS methodologies, particularly inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation, enabled precise mapping of HM distribution, despite challenges such as wide sample spacing and shallow core penetration. While the study highlights the economic and industrial significance of the Bavanapadu sector, it also underscores environmental concerns, including habitat disruption and sediment degradation, associated with mining. Sustainable practices, such as advanced separation technologies, site rehabilitation, and comprehensive environmental impact assessments (EIAs), are essential to mitigate ecological impacts. This research demonstrates the efficacy of GIS-based techniques in resource estimation and sustainable mining, offering a replicable framework for coastal and offshore mineral resource management globally. The findings provide critical insights into balancing economic growth with environmental preservation, setting a benchmark for responsible heavy mineral extraction in dynamic coastal environments.
Exploitation
Hadi Fattahi; Mohammad Amirabadifarahani; Hossein Ghaedi
Abstract
This study introduces an innovative application of the Power Deck method to optimize drilling and blasting operations in open-pit mining, with a focus on the Nizar cement factory in Qom, Iran. Unlike traditional blasting techniques, this method strategically utilizes a controlled air gap at the end of ...
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This study introduces an innovative application of the Power Deck method to optimize drilling and blasting operations in open-pit mining, with a focus on the Nizar cement factory in Qom, Iran. Unlike traditional blasting techniques, this method strategically utilizes a controlled air gap at the end of each blast hole to enhance explosive energy distribution, thereby reducing excessive drilling and minimizing explosive consumption. Through five blast phases, optimal hole diameters (76 mm and 90 mm) were implemented while maintaining a standardized 1-meter air gap, eliminating the need for additional drilling tests. The findings demonstrate a significant improvement in blasting efficiency, leading to a 12.5% reduction in specific charge and a 9% decrease in specific drilling compared to conventional methods. Post-blast fragmentation analysis, validated using the F50 index from Split-Desktop software, confirmed particle sizes ranging from 10 to 32 cm, aligning with predictions from the Kaz-Ram, Kaznetsov, and Swedifo models. Furthermore, the adoption of the Power Deck method resulted in a 1,448-ton increase in processed material over two months, minimizing crusher downtime due to oversized fragments. This study provides a novel, cost-effective approach to improving rock fragmentation, reducing blasting-related inefficiencies, and enhancing the overall economic performance of open-pit mining operations.
Exploitation
Ali Rezaei; Ebrahim Ghasemi; Ali Farhadian; Sina Ghavami
Abstract
In this study, a comprehensive investigation has been done on 10 different types of granite building stones from various mines in Iran. The study aims to investigate the relationship between the texture coefficient (TC) and abrasivity properties of the studied stones. Abrasivity of stones was quantified ...
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In this study, a comprehensive investigation has been done on 10 different types of granite building stones from various mines in Iran. The study aims to investigate the relationship between the texture coefficient (TC) and abrasivity properties of the studied stones. Abrasivity of stones was quantified through six indices, including equivalent quartz content (EQC), rock abrasivity index (RAI), Schimazek abrasivity factor (F), Cerchar abrasivity index (CAI), building stone abrasivity index (BSAI), and the Taber wear index (Iw). Bi-variate regression analysis was applied to develop the predictive equations for relationship between TC and abrasivity indices. The investigations demonstrated that there is a direct relationship between TC and all abrasivity indices. Furthermore, TC has moderate to high relationship with abrasivity indices. After developing the equations, their accuracy was evaluated by performance criteria including determination coefficient (R2), the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), the variance account for (VAF), and the performance index (PI). The strongest relationship was found between TC and RAI (with R2, VAF, NRMSE, and PI value of 0.850, 0.074, 85.386, and 1.630, respectively), while the weakest relationship was observed between TC and F (with R2, NRMSE, VAF, and PI value of 0.491, 0.532, 47.605, and 0.435, respectively). This research demonstrates importance of the textural characteristics of stones, especially TC as a reliable index, on the abrasivity properties of granite building stones. Thus, the equations developed herein can be practically used for estimating the stone abrasivity in building stone quarrying and processing projects.
Exploitation
Masoud Monjezi; Morteza Baghestani; Peyman Afzal; Ali Reza Yarahmadi Bafghi; Seyyed Ali Hashemi
Abstract
Blasting is an essential operation in mining projects, significantly affecting the particle-size distribution, which is critical for subsequent processes such as loading, hauling, and milling. Effectiveness of the blasting operations rely on accurate rock characterization, especially when dealing with ...
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Blasting is an essential operation in mining projects, significantly affecting the particle-size distribution, which is critical for subsequent processes such as loading, hauling, and milling. Effectiveness of the blasting operations rely on accurate rock characterization, especially when dealing with different rock types. Proper rock and fragmentation characterization allows for tailored blast designs and also can lead to precise predictions of fragmentation quality. Various characterization techniques exist. This paper examines the application of fractal analysis to classify fragmentation quality and rock types, utilizing the Choghart iron mine in Iran as a case study. Extensive fieldwork collected data on rock properties (uniaxial compressive strength and density) and fragmentation outcomes during blasting. The fractal modeling revealed distinct breakpoints for classification, followed by Logratio analysis to assess relationships among the identified classes. Finally, mathematical models were established to predict fragmentation features based on the relevant rock attributes. The models demonstrated improved predictive accuracy as compared to the prior classifications.
Exploitation
Mojtaba Dehghani Javazm; Mohammadreza Shayestehfar
Abstract
In this work, various methods for evaluating recoverable reserves including estimation techniques and conditional simulation have been compared in the Miduk copper deposit using data from 55,119 blast holes and 6,178 composite samples from exploratory drillings in the supergene and hypogene zones, with ...
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In this work, various methods for evaluating recoverable reserves including estimation techniques and conditional simulation have been compared in the Miduk copper deposit using data from 55,119 blast holes and 6,178 composite samples from exploratory drillings in the supergene and hypogene zones, with a block model constructed for the analysis. Four methods were employed: UC, LUC, DCSBG, and SGS. The correlation coefficients for UC, DCSBG, and SGS methods in the supergene zone, as well as the results from extraction drill holes (extraction blocks) at a cut-off grade of 0.15%, were 0.637, 0.527, and 0.556, and the correlation coefficient for calculating tonnage and the metal content using UC was 0.364 and 0.629, respectively. For the hypogene zone, the correlation coefficients for metal content at a cut-off grade of 0.15% were 0.778, 0.788, and 0.790 for UC, DCSBG, and SGS, and at a cut-off grade of 0.65%, they were 0.328, 0.431, and 0.458, respectively. By employing The LUC method in the supergene zone with a change in SMU and comparing the results obtained from the E-Type map, the performance of this method is higher across all cut-off grades. As the cut-off grade increases in the hypogene zone, the performance of the LUC method relative to simulation methods decreases. The LUC method can be used to observe the impact of the convergence of results obtained from this method with real data from low-grade to high-grade sections, highlighting the necessity of differentiating this zone into low and high-grade segments during the estimation process.
Exploitation
Moein Bahadori; Moahammad Amiri Hosseini; Iman Atighi
Abstract
As open-pit mining advances, the decreasing separation between blast blocks and surface structures necessitates rigorous control of induced ground vibrations to mitigate structural risks. This study performed 13 single-hole blasting operations at the Golgohar Sirjan Iron Mine processing plant to evaluate ...
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As open-pit mining advances, the decreasing separation between blast blocks and surface structures necessitates rigorous control of induced ground vibrations to mitigate structural risks. This study performed 13 single-hole blasting operations at the Golgohar Sirjan Iron Mine processing plant to evaluate vibration control strategies for protecting the onsite processing plant. A Blastmate III seismograph was employed to record 54 three-component data sets, including waveform data, maximum amplitude, and dominant frequencies. By superimposing waves, optimal delay times (ODT) for the blast holes were determined and the corresponding effects on wave frequencies were analyzed. An experimental blasting pattern was designed based on the derived ODT values, and the impact on ground vibration was examined. The results indicated a 10% reduction in vibration levels with the proposed delay times. Furthermore, considering the minimum distance of 111 meters from the processing plant to the final pit and adhering to the DIN safety standard, it is recommended that blast holes with a maximum diameter of 165mm be used to ensure a safety factor of 15%. For distances exceeding 187 meters, blast holes with a 250mm diameter are recommended to maintain production efficiency and a safety factor of 50%.
Exploitation
Alireza Afradi; Arash Ebrahimabadi
Abstract
Rock-fragmentation is generally regarded as a crucial indicator within the mining industry for evaluating the effects of blasting operations. In this work, a database was primarily constructed using field data to predict rock fragmentation in the mines of Anguran and Sarcheshmeh. The datasets comprised ...
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Rock-fragmentation is generally regarded as a crucial indicator within the mining industry for evaluating the effects of blasting operations. In this work, a database was primarily constructed using field data to predict rock fragmentation in the mines of Anguran and Sarcheshmeh. The datasets comprised the input parameters such as Burden (m), spacing (m), powder factor (kg/m³), and stemming (m), with fragmentation (cm) as the output parameter. The analysis of these datasets was conducted using the Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO) and Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) methodologies. To assess the predictive models' accuracy, metrics including the coefficient of determination (R²), Variance Accounted For (VAF), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were employed. The application of ALO and CSA to the database yielded results indicating that for ALO, R² = 0.99, RMSE = 0.005, and VAF (%) = 99.38, while for CSA, R² = 0.98, RMSE = 0.02, and VAF (%) = 98.11. Ultimately, the findings suggest that the predictive models yield satisfactory results, with ALO demonstrating a greater level of precision.
Exploitation
SIDDHARTHA ROY; Hemant Agrawal; Chitranjan Prasad Singh
Abstract
Deep hole blasting is essential for high-capacity excavators like draglines and shovels to achieve high production targets in opencast coal mining. However, a critical challenge associated with deep hole blasting is ground vibration, which poses risks to nearby infrastructure, including power plants, ...
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Deep hole blasting is essential for high-capacity excavators like draglines and shovels to achieve high production targets in opencast coal mining. However, a critical challenge associated with deep hole blasting is ground vibration, which poses risks to nearby infrastructure, including power plants, the Rihand Dam, and local settlements near the Khadia Opencast coal mine. This study aims to analyze the effect of blast hole diameter on peak particle velocity (PPV) to improve vibration control. Experimental investigations were conducted by executing multiple blasts using hole diameters of 159 mm, 269 mm, and 311 mm across different benches of the Khadia mine, with PPV values recorded at various scaled distances. The observed relationship between PPV and hole diameter was further validated through explicit dynamic modeling of the mine’s geology and blast conditions using ANSYS-Autodyn software. The results presents some exclusive observation that with same charge per delay, for smaller distances i.e. for less than 90 m the values of PPV is always higher in large diameter hole blasting while for distance above 500 m the PPV values are higher in smaller diameter holes blasting. The results provide a unique insight for optimizing blast parameters to minimize ground vibrations while maintaining production efficiency.
Exploitation
Pouya Nobahar; Yashar Pourrahimian; Roohollah Shirani Faradonbeh; Fereydoun Mollaei Koshki
Abstract
Mineral reserve evaluation and ore type detection using data from exploratory boreholes are critical in mine design and extraction. However, preparing core samples and conducting chemical and physical tests is a time-consuming and costly procedure, slowing down the modeling process. This paper presents ...
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Mineral reserve evaluation and ore type detection using data from exploratory boreholes are critical in mine design and extraction. However, preparing core samples and conducting chemical and physical tests is a time-consuming and costly procedure, slowing down the modeling process. This paper presents a novel Deep Learning (DL)-based model to recognize the types of kaolinite samples. For this purpose, a dataset containing the images of drilled cores and their types determined from conventional chemical and physical analyses was used. Eight Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) topologies based on individual features were developed, named A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H. Six of the eight proposed CNN topologies described above had accuracy below 80%, whereas two of them, model A and H, had higher accuracy than other topologies. Due to their similarity in results, both of them analyzed deeply. Model A was more efficient, with 90% accuracy, than model B, with 84% accuracy. Furthermore, the class detection performance of model A was further evaluated using different indices, including precision, recall, and F1-score, which resulted in values of 92%, 92%, and 90%, respectively, which are acceptable accuracies to identify the type of samples when using this approach on six different types of kaolinite.
Exploitation
Somaye Khajevand; Mojtaba Rezakhah; Masoud Monjezi; Fabián Alejandro Manríquez León
Abstract
Efficient loading and hauling systems, with trucks and shovels as the primary transportation machinery, are essential for optimizing mining operations. This study introduces a simulation-based approach to enhance the utilization of the hauling system in an Abbasbad copper mine in Iran. A dynamic truck ...
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Efficient loading and hauling systems, with trucks and shovels as the primary transportation machinery, are essential for optimizing mining operations. This study introduces a simulation-based approach to enhance the utilization of the hauling system in an Abbasbad copper mine in Iran. A dynamic truck allocation model is proposed to overcome the limitations of fixed allocation methods. In this approach, trucks are assigned to loading equipment based on the real-time throughput data, prioritizing equipment experiencing the highest production delays. The simulation results demonstrate that this flexible allocation model improves productivity, achieving a 13% increase in waste material handling compared to the fixed allocation scenario. These findings indicate that the proposed framework to significantly improve the efficiency and productivity of haulage systems in mining operations.
Exploitation
Moslem Jahantigh; Hamidreza Ramazi
Abstract
Various methods have been used for clustering big data. Pattern recognition methods are suitable methods for clustering these data. Due to the large volume of samples taken in the drilling of mines and their analysis for various elements, this category of geochemical data can be considered big data. ...
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Various methods have been used for clustering big data. Pattern recognition methods are suitable methods for clustering these data. Due to the large volume of samples taken in the drilling of mines and their analysis for various elements, this category of geochemical data can be considered big data. Examining and evaluating drilling data in the Lar copper mine in Sistan and Baluchistan province located in the southeast of Iran requires the use of these methods. Therefore, the main goal of the article is the clustering of the drilling data in the mentioned mine and its zoning of the geochemical data. To achieve this goal, 3500 samples taken from drilling cores have been used. Elemental analysis for six elements has been done using the ICP-Ms method. Pattern recognition methods including SOM and K-MEANS have been used to evaluate the relation between these elements. The silhouette method has been used to determine and evaluate the number of clusters. Using this method, 4 clusters have been considered for the mentioned data. According to this method, it was found that the accuracy of clustering is higher in the SOM method. By considering the 4 clusters, 4 zones were identified using clustering methods. By comparing the results of the two methods and using the graphical method, it was determined that the SOM method has a better performance for clustering geochemical data in the studied area. Based on that, zones 2 and 4 were recognized as high-grade zones in this area.
Exploitation
Sruti Narwal; Debasis Deb; Sreenivasa Rao Islavath; Gopinath Samanta
Abstract
A novel underground mining method is proposed to extract friable chromite ore bodies in weak and weathered limonitic host rock below an open-pit mine. The conventional underground methods do not instil confidence since GSI (Geological Strength Index) of ore bodies and host rock lies below 35. Series ...
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A novel underground mining method is proposed to extract friable chromite ore bodies in weak and weathered limonitic host rock below an open-pit mine. The conventional underground methods do not instil confidence since GSI (Geological Strength Index) of ore bodies and host rock lies below 35. Series of dimensions of transverse stopes along the strike are suggested based on a detailed analysis of multiple mining and backfilling operations by simulating 36 three-dimensional numerical models. For each operation or sequence, a strength-based “Mining Sequence Factor (MSF)” is devised that helps quantifying its equivalent strength compared to in-situ conditions. This factor along with the average equivalent plastic strain (AEPS) developed on the pillars as obtained from numerical models is used to determine the safe operations with desired yearly production target. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of this method and suggests minimum pillar dimensions of 40 m, whether in-situ or backfilled. The paper, in addition, lays the design of underground drives and their support system as per NGI (Norwegian Geotechnical Institute) guidelines and 3D numerical studies, the performance of which is analysed considering distribution of stress and equivalent plastic strain.
Exploitation
Javad Lotfi Godarzi; Ahmad Reza Sayadi; Amin Mousavi; Micah Nehring
Abstract
The production rate and cut-off grade are two critical variables in the design and planning of open-pit mines. Generally, the production rate depends on the reserve amount, which is influenced by the cut-off grade. Additionally, the cut-off grade is affected by the production cost, which is influenced ...
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The production rate and cut-off grade are two critical variables in the design and planning of open-pit mines. Generally, the production rate depends on the reserve amount, which is influenced by the cut-off grade. Additionally, the cut-off grade is affected by the production cost, which is influenced by the production rate and product price. A conventional approach optimizes each variable individually, and neglects the trade-off between production rate and cut-off grade, leading to a sub-optimal solution. This work aimed to address the simultaneous optimization of the production rate and cut-off grade and provided a novel solution for this problem. In this context, a non-linear mathematical model was developed. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm was used due to the model's non-linear nature and the continuous decision variables. Implementing the model for a typical copper mine showed that the suggested model resulted in a concurrent optimization of production rate and cut-off grade. The maximum NPV of 1.153 billion dollars occurred at a production rate of 15.66 Mt/y, and a cut-off grade of 0.64%. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted for key factors such as product price, discount rate, and maximum capital cost.
Exploitation
Assefa Hailesilasie Wolearegay; Yowhas Birhanu Amare; Asmelash Abay Hagos; Kassa Amare Mesfin; Hagos Abraha; Bereket Gebresilassie; Nageswara Rao Cheepurupalli; Yewuhalashet Fissha
Abstract
The Dichinama area in northern Ethiopia is a potential source of dimension stone, but the quality of the marble has been a major challenge for mining operations. This research aims to evaluate the quality of dimension stone by conducting a comprehensive study involving geological mapping, geotechnical ...
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The Dichinama area in northern Ethiopia is a potential source of dimension stone, but the quality of the marble has been a major challenge for mining operations. This research aims to evaluate the quality of dimension stone by conducting a comprehensive study involving geological mapping, geotechnical testing, and geochemical analysis. The study collected nine rock samples from three active mining sites in the Dichinama area, analyzing properties such as density, water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength, and abrasion resistance. Additionally, ten samples were collected for geochemical analysis, focusing on parameters like calcite, CaO values, LOI, SiO2 content, and other oxide concentrations. The geotechnical tests revealed that the properties of the marble in the Dichinama area were mainly calcite, with compressive strength values ranging from 29.6 to 74.5 MPa, flexural strength from 7 to 52.5 MPa, abrasion resistance from 8.3 to 17.2, density from 2257 to 2562 kg/m3, and water absorption from 0.12 to 0.93. However, most of these parameters fell below the minimum ASTM standards for marble dimension stone. The results suggest that these inferior characteristics negatively affect the recovery and quality of the dimension stone.
Exploitation
Yehia Z. Darwish; Abdelrahem Khalefa Embaby; Samir Selim; Darwish El Kholy; Hani Sharafeldin; Hussin Farag
Abstract
The younger granites of Gabal Gattar area, Northern Eastern Desert of Egypt, host hydrothermal uranium mineralization at the northern segment of Gattar batholith and along its contacts with the oldest Hammamat sediments. The host rocks display many features of hydrothermal overprint results in changing ...
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The younger granites of Gabal Gattar area, Northern Eastern Desert of Egypt, host hydrothermal uranium mineralization at the northern segment of Gattar batholith and along its contacts with the oldest Hammamat sediments. The host rocks display many features of hydrothermal overprint results in changing their basic engineering characteristics as a function of variations of the degree of alteration. Progression from less altered to altered and mineralized rocks as the result of the alteration processes was assessed by the chemical index of alteration (CIA). The CIA numerical values were calculated by the molecular proportion of Al to the cations Ca, Na, and K. The studied rocks were divided into five grades according to degree of alteration and strength properties including: fresh (AG-I), slightly altered (AG-II), moderately altered (AG-III), highly altered (AG-IV) and very highly altered (AG-V). The strength properties of the studied rock units correlated well with the alteration grades assigned to them. That is, as the grade increased from AG-I to AG-V, abrasion resistance and crushability index increased, whereas compressive strength, slake durability and impact strength decreased.
Exploitation
Sri Chandrahas; Bhanwar Singh Choudhary; MS Venkataramayya; Yewuhalashet Fissha; Blessing Olamide Taiwo
Abstract
To conducting efficient blasting operations, one needs to analyze the bench geology, structural and dimensional parameters to obtain the required optimum fragmentation with minimum amount of ground vibration. Joints presence causes difficulty during drilling and subsequent rock breakage mechanism. An ...
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To conducting efficient blasting operations, one needs to analyze the bench geology, structural and dimensional parameters to obtain the required optimum fragmentation with minimum amount of ground vibration. Joints presence causes difficulty during drilling and subsequent rock breakage mechanism. An idea on joints density will give an idea on deciding with column charging in-terms of decking-stemming and firing patterns. The goal of the research is to develop a hybrid algorithm model to predict joints width and joint angle. In order to achieve the task, advanced softwares, machine learning models and a field data tests were used in this study.
Exploitation
Sahil Kumar; Abhishek Sharma; Kanwarpreet Singh
Abstract
This study investigates the application of the Rapid Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS) tool in assessing and mitigating various types of landslides. The research encompasses comprehensive field visits to diverse landslide-prone areas, capturing detailed photographic evidence to document pre- and post-landslide ...
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This study investigates the application of the Rapid Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS) tool in assessing and mitigating various types of landslides. The research encompasses comprehensive field visits to diverse landslide-prone areas, capturing detailed photographic evidence to document pre- and post-landslide conditions. Utilizing the field data, RAMMS simulations were conducted to model the dynamics of different landslide scenarios, including rockfalls, debris flows, and avalanches. The simulations provided insights into the potential impact zones, flow velocities, and deposition patterns of landslides under varying environmental conditions. The results highlight the efficacy of RAMMS in predicting landslide behavior and guiding mitigation strategies. By comparing the simulation outputs with field observations, we validated the accuracy of RAMMS models, demonstrating their utility in real-world applications. Furthermore, the study identifies key factors influencing landslide susceptibility and proposes targeted mitigation measures to enhance community flexibility. This research underscores the importance of integrating advanced simulation tools like RAMMS with empirical field data to develop strong landslide risk management frameworks.
Exploitation
Mohammad Hossein Jalalian; Raheb Bagherpour; Mehrbod Khoshouei; S. Najmedin Almasi
Abstract
Diamond wire cutting is a common method to extract dimension stones, which depends on various factors, including the mechanical and physical properties of the stone, cutting specifications, and operational characteristics. Specific energy, production rate, efficiency, and wear of diamond beads are some ...
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Diamond wire cutting is a common method to extract dimension stones, which depends on various factors, including the mechanical and physical properties of the stone, cutting specifications, and operational characteristics. Specific energy, production rate, efficiency, and wear of diamond beads are some of the criteria that influence economic and environmental optimization of diamond wire cutting operations. In this study, the specific energy of the diamond wire cutting process was measured for 11 samples of Granite stones. By analyzing the impact of parameters such as stone density, porosity, and cutting rate on energy consumption, a linear regression model was developed with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.944 to predict specific energy for different types of stones. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA, have confirmed that the model accurately predicts specific energy values. Data from three new stone samples were used to validate the model, and their predicted energy values were compared with actual values. The model presented achieved an R2 value of 0.827, demonstrating its high accuracy. The results indicate that energy consumption in dimension stone cutting operation can be accurately predicted and characterized indirectly using high precision stone properties and operational parameters. This method can accurately and indirectly monitor energy consumption and cutting machine performance during the dimension stone cutting operation and can be used to optimize economic and environmental aspects of this process.
Exploitation
Avula Rajashekar Yadav; Sreenivasa Rao Islavath; Srikanth Katkuri
Abstract
The installation gallery/set-up room of a longwall panel is driven for installation of the longwall face machineries to start the extraction of coal from the longwall panel. The width of the installation gallery is 8 to 9 m. This gallery needs to be stabilized till the face machineries to be deployed ...
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The installation gallery/set-up room of a longwall panel is driven for installation of the longwall face machineries to start the extraction of coal from the longwall panel. The width of the installation gallery is 8 to 9 m. This gallery needs to be stabilized till the face machineries to be deployed from the driving of the room as it required to stand more than 8 to 10 months and develop the high stress concentration, roof-to-floor convergence and yield zone in the roof and sides. Hence, in this study, a deep longwall mine of India is considered to analyze the behavior of set-up room. For this, a total of twelve 3D numerical models are developed and analyzed considering Mohr’s-Coulomb failure criterion. Three panels located at 417, 462, 528 m having three different widths (8, 10 and 12 m) of set-up rooms are examined. The width of the set-up room is taken based on the length of the shield support. The results in terms of vertical stress distribution, vertical displacement, roof-to-floor convergence, plastic strain and yield zone distribution are presented.
Exploitation
Soufi Amine; Zerradi Youssef; Soussi Mohamed; Ouadif Latifa; Bahi Anas
Abstract
The aim of this study is to thoroughly analyze the relaxation zone developing around sublevel stopes in underground mines and identify the main parameters controlling its extent. A numerical approach based on the finite element method, combined with the Hoek-Brown failure criterion, was implemented to ...
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The aim of this study is to thoroughly analyze the relaxation zone developing around sublevel stopes in underground mines and identify the main parameters controlling its extent. A numerical approach based on the finite element method, combined with the Hoek-Brown failure criterion, was implemented to simulate various geometric configurations, geological conditions, and in-situ stress states. A total of 425 simulations were carried out by varying depth, horizontal-to-vertical stress ratio (k), rock mass quality (RMR), foliation orientation and spacing, as well as the height, width, and inclination of the sublevels. The results enabled the development of robust predictive models using regression analysis techniques and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to estimate the extent of the relaxation zone as a function of the different input parameters. It was demonstrated that depth and the k ratio significantly influence the extent of the relaxation zone. Additionally, a decrease in rock mass quality leads to a substantial increase in this zone. Structural characteristics, such as foliation orientation and spacing, also play a decisive role. Finally, the geometric parameters of the excavations, notably the height, width, and inclination of the sublevels, directly impact stress redistribution and the extent of the relaxation zone. The overall ANN model, taking into account all these key parameters, exhibited high accuracy with a correlation coefficient of 0.97. These predictive models offer valuable tools for optimizing the design of underground mining operations, improving operational safety, and increasing productivity.
