Exploration
Shoopala Uugulu; Nazlene Poulton; Akaha Tse; Martin Harris; Taiwo Bolaji
Abstract
The long mining history in Namibia has resulted in numerous abandoned mining sites scattered throughout the country. Past research around the Klein Aub abandoned Copper mine highlighted environmental concerns related to past mining. Considering that residents of Klein Aub depend solely on groundwater ...
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The long mining history in Namibia has resulted in numerous abandoned mining sites scattered throughout the country. Past research around the Klein Aub abandoned Copper mine highlighted environmental concerns related to past mining. Considering that residents of Klein Aub depend solely on groundwater for their domestic, irrigation and other uses, there is a need to thoroughly investigate groundwater quality in the area to ascertain the extent of the contamination. This study characterises groundwater quality using a comprehensive quality assessment approach. On-site parameters reveal that pH ranges between 6.82-7.8, electrical conductivity ranges between 678 - 2270 μS/cm, and dissolved oxygen ranges between 1.4 -5.77 mg/L. With the exception of two samples, the onsite parameters indicate that water is of excellent quality according to the Namibian guidelines. The stable isotopic composition ranges from -7.26 to -5.82‰ and -45.1 to -35.9‰ for δ18O and δ2H, respectively. The groundwater plots on and above the Global Meteoric Water Line, and the best-fit line is characterised by a slope of 4.9, implying the evaporation effect. Hydrochemical analyses indicate bicarbonate and chloride as dominant anions, while calcium and sodium are dominant cations, indicating groundwater dissolving halite and mixing with water from a recharge zone. The Heavy Metal Pollution Index suggested that the water samples are free from heavy metal pollution. The Heavy Metal Evaluation Index clustered around 3, implying that heavy metals moderately affect groundwater. The groundwater quality is suitable for irrigation purposes. The findings offer valuable insights into the area's hydrochemistry and highlight potential environmental risks; hence, groundwater monitoring is recommended.
Exploration
Hassanreza Ghasemi Tabar; Sajjad Talesh Hosseini; Andisheh Alimoradi; mahdi fathi; Maryam Sahafzadeh
Abstract
Estimating ore grades during the exploration phase is often time-consuming and costly due to the need for extensive drilling. Geophysical surveys, as the last indirect exploration method before drilling, offer valuable insights into subsurface mineralization. This study introduces a novel approach for ...
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Estimating ore grades during the exploration phase is often time-consuming and costly due to the need for extensive drilling. Geophysical surveys, as the last indirect exploration method before drilling, offer valuable insights into subsurface mineralization. This study introduces a novel approach for simulating “identical twins” of borehole copper grade values using geophysical attributes derived from the geoelectrical method in the Kahang porphyry copper deposit, central Iran. By treating the simulated values as digital twins of actual borehole grades, we employed four machine learning algorithms—Linear Regression (LR), Gradient Boosting (GB), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM)—to model the complex relationships between geophysical inputs and copper grades. After data preprocessing with Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a refined dataset was used to train, test, and validate each model. The results demonstrate that GB yielded the highest predictive accuracy, generating grade estimates closely aligned with actual values. This identical twin modeling approach highlights the potential of machine learning to enhance early-stage mineral exploration by reducing dependence on costly drilling.
Exploration
Mahbubeh Arabzadeh Bani asadi; Habib Ghasemi; Mehdi Rezaei-Kahkhaei; Lambrini Papadopoulou
Abstract
The lower Jurassic (180 ± 1.5 Ma) Gowd-e-Howz granitoid stock, as a part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Metamorphic-Magmatic Zone (SSMMZ), SE Iran, intruded in the Upper Paleozoic metamorphic and Triassic igneous-sedimentary rocks. It consists of three main rock units including diorite, granodiorite and ...
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The lower Jurassic (180 ± 1.5 Ma) Gowd-e-Howz granitoid stock, as a part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Metamorphic-Magmatic Zone (SSMMZ), SE Iran, intruded in the Upper Paleozoic metamorphic and Triassic igneous-sedimentary rocks. It consists of three main rock units including diorite, granodiorite and granite/alkali feldspar granite, which accompanied by minor amounts of gabbro. The stock is predominantly composed of medium to coarse-grained granular granitoids consisting of clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite, plagioclase, alkali feldspar and quartz. Clinopyroxenes exhibit calcic compositions, ranging from diopside to augite and salite, while amphiboles are primarily calcic with hornblende as the dominant phase. Feldspar display compositional ranges from orthoclase and oligoclase to labradorite. Mineralogical and geochemical evidence indicates this I-type calc-alkaline granitic magma produced in an active continental margin arc setting with potential for Cu-Au mineralization. Geothermobarometry estimations based on clinopyroxene (T= 800 to 1300°C and P= ~12 to 4.5 kbar), amphiboles (T= 742 to 769°C and P=4.5- 2 kbar) and biotite (T = 589 to 875°C and P= 0.45- 2.27 kbar), offer three different magma chamber levels for magma storaging and plumbing at the lower (~45 Km), middle (~16 Km) and upper (~5 Km) continental crust in an active continental arc setting in the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic in the southern part of the SSMMZ, SE Iran.
Exploration
Mohammad Ebdali; Ardeshir Hezarkhani; Adel Shirazy; Amin Beiranvand Pour
Abstract
This research endeavor concentrates on minerals exploration within the context of a hydrothermal polymetallic vein deposit environment. Stream sediment sampling was executed to acquire geochemical signatures pertinent to mineralization zones. The mineralization nature is classified as epithermal, predominantly ...
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This research endeavor concentrates on minerals exploration within the context of a hydrothermal polymetallic vein deposit environment. Stream sediment sampling was executed to acquire geochemical signatures pertinent to mineralization zones. The mineralization nature is classified as epithermal, predominantly involving polymetallic sulfides. The geochemical analyses yielded multi-element concentration maps, facilitating the identification of anomalies and the establishment of zoning. Although recent developments underscore the efficacy of machine learning, notably deep learning techniques, in the detection of geochemical anomalies, the majority of preceding studies were predicated on univariate statistical methodologies. To address this constraint, a multivariate approach was implemented, incorporating spatial characteristics such as shape, overlap, and zoning within anomalies and halos. Considering the limited availability of validated mineralized samples, unsupervised and semi-supervised methodologies—most notably Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)—were employed. GANs were trained using multi-element geochemical maps, applying transfer learning to mitigate the challenges posed by restricted deposit data, thereby facilitating the delineation of prospective exploration zones. Quantitative analyses have indicated that the approach utilizing GANs attained an accuracy exceeding 92% alongside a minimal cross-entropy loss of approximately 0.07, thereby surpassing conventional methodologies in detecting of weak anomalies. The model effectively corroborated previously recognized anomalies while simultaneously detecting new prospective mineralization areas, thereby augmenting exploration opportunities. This investigation illustrates that GANs enable a more thorough utilization of geochemical datasets, integrating a wide range of variables and intricate spatial characteristics. Although GANs demonstrate superior proficiency in modeling weak anomalies, conventional techniques continue to be effective for more pronounced anomalies. The integration of both methodologies may enhance the efficiency of mineral exploration endeavors. In summary, the results emphasize the promise of GANs and sophisticated machine learning frameworks in enhancing anomaly detection and expanding mineral exploration within hydrothermal polymetallic systems.
Exploration
reza Shahnavehsi; Farnusch Hajizadeh
Abstract
The present work is mainly about a method for illustrating the relation between the raw data in the same time; clustering is a key procedure to solve the problem of data division; also illustrating the connection among the elements of the research area simultaneously is important. Therefore, we propose ...
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The present work is mainly about a method for illustrating the relation between the raw data in the same time; clustering is a key procedure to solve the problem of data division; also illustrating the connection among the elements of the research area simultaneously is important. Therefore, we propose a novel kind of clustering for data mining in the gravity field to reach the presenting connection among all elements in the same time. For this research work, 867 gravity surveying points were collected in the southern part of Iran (near diapir of Larestan) with a range of absolute gravity from 978579.672 to 978981.186. In this paper, clustering by self-organizing- maps, by utilizing scatter plot matrix is utilized for detecting the relation between the easting, northing, elevation, and absolute gravity simultaneously. In the proposed method, the relations between arrays, two by two, are defined, and like matrix, each raw and column has different i and j values, which represent elements of the studied area, instead of number; for example, array A23 is data division between i = 2 or raw two (in our case northing) and j = 3 or column, three (in our case elevation). In this algorithm, firstly, by using self-organizing maps, clustering is done, and this processing is generated to all arrays by scatter plot matrix, and in all arrays, three clusters are proposed; the result of this clustering shows that in arrays A12, A13, A14, A21, A23, A24, A31, A32, A41, A42, clustering is performed perfectly, and the relationship between the parameters of the studied area near Larestan salt, diaper, can be useful in notifying the properties of this salt diapir.
Exploration
Hamid Reza Baghzendani; Hamid Aghajani; Gholam Hossein Karami
Abstract
Karsts are important sources of groundwater, and it is crucial to determine their water volume and quality. The Ravansar Karst spring in the Kermanshah province is a significant water resource with a substantial water volume in the area. The source of this spring is the carbonate rock unit from the Cretaceous ...
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Karsts are important sources of groundwater, and it is crucial to determine their water volume and quality. The Ravansar Karst spring in the Kermanshah province is a significant water resource with a substantial water volume in the area. The source of this spring is the carbonate rock unit from the Cretaceous period and is affected by tectonic changes and faulting caused by movements related to the Zagros folding. In this work, geophysical methods of microgravity, electrical resistivity, and induced polarization have been utilized to identify the extent of karst development in the limestone units. The minimum residual gravity values are associated with karstification. The field dataset comprised two electrical profiles with the dipole- dipole and pole-dipole arrays. The resistivity and gravity data were inverted using a 2D algorithm based on the least square’s technique with a smoothing constraint. According to the processing and 3D modelling of gravity data; not only cavity-shaped voids and spacious cavity chambers were identified but also sub-structures and micro-karstification in carbonate rocks were detected. The most significant finding from the field survey is the detection of low gravimetric values, indicating relatively large holes and chambers that were previously unknown and inaccessible from ground level. These findings are consistent with known collapse and sediment infill features, as seen in surface sinkholes, cavities, and karstification systems. Geophysical surveys and field surveys show that the holes and karsts in the area are related to tectonic phenomena and faulting and are conduits for transporting water to the Ravansar spring.
Exploration
Zohre Hoseinzade; Mohammad Hassan Bazoobandi
Abstract
Anomaly detection is the process of recognizing patterns in data that differ from the typical behavior. In geochemistry, this involves identifying hidden patterns and unusual components within the context of exploratory target identification. This issue is particularly significant when limited information ...
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Anomaly detection is the process of recognizing patterns in data that differ from the typical behavior. In geochemistry, this involves identifying hidden patterns and unusual components within the context of exploratory target identification. This issue is particularly significant when limited information is available about the area of interest. Therefore, employing methods that can aid in the exploration process under such conditions and with limited data is highly valuable. In this study, the Deep-Embedded Self-Organizing Map (DE-SOM), an unsupervised deep learning approach, was used to detect geochemical anomalies. The research focused on identifying multivariate geochemical anomalies in the Moalleman region. After detecting the region's geochemical anomalies, the effectiveness of the algorithm was assessed alongside two other types of SOM algorithms. For this purpose, the prediction area plot was utilized, with the intersection points for DE-SOM, Batch SOM, and SOM were determined to be 0.75, 0.67, and 0.65, respectively. The multivariate geochemical anomaly in the Moalleman area shows a good correlation with known mineral occurrences and the andesite and dacite units. Based on this, it can be stated that the DE-SOM method is a useful tool for identifying anomalies and patterns associated with mineralization.
Exploration
Peyman Afzal; Sina Samadi; Mehran Arian; Ali Solgi; Zahra Maleki; Mohammad Seraj
Abstract
An important work for fractured reservoir modeling and development of oilfields is the delineation of geomechanical attributes such as permeability. The main aim of this research work is detection of permeability zones in the Asmari reservoir of Gachsaran oilfield (SW Iran) based on mud loss data. The ...
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An important work for fractured reservoir modeling and development of oilfields is the delineation of geomechanical attributes such as permeability. The main aim of this research work is detection of permeability zones in the Asmari reservoir of Gachsaran oilfield (SW Iran) based on mud loss data. The mud loss was 3D estimated by ordinary kriging method. Then, fractal number-size, concentration-volume, and concentration-distance to fault models were applied for permeability zone classification. The concentration-distance to fault fractal model shows three permeability zones, and the concentration-volume fractal modeling represents eight zones with an index multifractal behavior. Moreover, the number-size fractal analysis presented that a multifractal behavior with five societies. The correlation between the results obtained by these fractal methods reveals that the obtained zones have a proper overlap together. High value permeability zones based on the concentration-distance to fault and concentration-volume fractal models are began from 501 Barrel Per Day (BPD) mud loss, and 630 BPD obtained by the N-S modeling. Fractal modeling indicates that the permeability zones occur in the SW, NW and southern parts of the Gachsaran oilfield which can be the fractured section of the Asmari reservoir rock. Main faults from this oilfield are correlated with the permeability zones derived via fractal modeling.
Exploration
Ahmadreza Erfan; Saeed Soltani Mohammad; Maliheh Abbaszadeh
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) has significantly transformed multiple disciplines, including mineral resource evaluation in mining engineering, by facilitating more accurate and efficient estimation methods. Ensemble methods, as a fundamental component of modern machine learning, have emerged as powerful ...
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Machine learning (ML) has significantly transformed multiple disciplines, including mineral resource evaluation in mining engineering, by facilitating more accurate and efficient estimation methods. Ensemble methods, as a fundamental component of modern machine learning, have emerged as powerful tools that robust techniques that integrate multiple predictive models to improve performance beyond that of any individual learner. This study proposes a novel ensemble method for estimating ore grades by localizing the base learner weights in ensemble method. Ordinary kriging, inverse distance weighting, k-nearest neighbors, support vector regression, and artificial neural networks have been used as the base learners of the algorithm. In ML base learners, coordinates (easting, northing and elevation) of samples have been defined as input nodes and grade has been defined as target. The proposed method has been validated for predicting the copper grade (Cu%) in Darehzar porphyry deposit. The performance of proposed method has been by individual base learners and famous ensemble methods. This comparison shows that performance of proposed method is better than other ones. The findings highlight the necessity of adapting ensemble methods to address spatial variability in geological data, thereby establishing a robust framework for ore grade estimation.
Exploration
Hamid Geranian; Mohammad Amir Alimi
Abstract
This study employs Sentinel-2 satellite images along with the random forest algorithm to create a regional geological map. For this purpose, the independent variables consist of the images for 10 Sentinel-2 bands of the Khosuf-I region, while the class labels consist of a geological map of Khosuf-I divided ...
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This study employs Sentinel-2 satellite images along with the random forest algorithm to create a regional geological map. For this purpose, the independent variables consist of the images for 10 Sentinel-2 bands of the Khosuf-I region, while the class labels consist of a geological map of Khosuf-I divided into three and fifteen rock units. The classification accuracy of the resulting model is 90.97 and 84.85% for the three-class training and testing data, and 94.76 and 63.92% for the fifteen-class training and testing data, respectively. These models are then applied to the Sentinel-2 satellite images' data of the Birjand-IV region to prepare two preliminary geological maps. The Birjand-IV region's three-class geology map reveals that igneous rocks are present in the northern and southern regions, while sedimentary rocks occupy the middle section and metamorphic rocks are found within the region's igneous masses. Similarly, the fifteen-class geology map of Birjand-IV indicates that andesite, dacite, intermediate tuff rock units, and metamorphic rocks characterize the northern region. Conversely, the southern part of the region is mainly composed of ophiolite, flysch sediments, basaltic and ultra-basic volcanic rocks, and limestone and shale interlayers. Field studies in three areas confirm the accuracy of the preliminary geology maps.
Exploration
Mojtaba Bazargani Golshan; Mehran Arian; Peyman Afzal; Lili Daneshvar Saein; Mohsen Aleali
Abstract
The purpose of this research is application of the Concentration-Number and Concentration-Area fractal models for determining the distribution pattern of REEs and lithium in mining area of the North Kochakali coal deposit. According to the Concentration-Area and Concentration-Number fractal graphs, four ...
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The purpose of this research is application of the Concentration-Number and Concentration-Area fractal models for determining the distribution pattern of REEs and lithium in mining area of the North Kochakali coal deposit. According to the Concentration-Area and Concentration-Number fractal graphs, four different geochemical groups were obtained for REEs and lithium in the mining area of North Kochakali coal deposit. The comparison of the threshold values and the models obtained based on the Concentration-Area and Concentration-Number fractal models indicate that the Concentration-Area Fractal model has performed better in determining different geochemical groups and separating anomalies from the background for REEs and lithium in North Kochakali coal deposit. Based on the fractal models in the mining area, the southeastern and western parts have the highest concentrations of REEs and the northeastern parts have the highest concentrations of lithium. These parts should be considered in mining operations due to their higher economic value. The locations of the REEs anomalies are consistent with the location of right-lateral faults with a normal component, since these faults are young and have operated after the formation of coal seams, so the mineralization of REEs in North Kochakali coal deposit is epigenetic.
Exploration
Shirin Jahanmirir; Ali Aalianvari; Hossein Ebrahimpour-Komleh
Abstract
This paper introduces the Human Mental Search (HMS) algorithm as a novel and superior optimization technique for predicting groundwater seepage in tunnel environments. Traditional methods for predicting such seepage often struggle with the complexities of subterranean water flow, particularly in heterogeneous ...
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This paper introduces the Human Mental Search (HMS) algorithm as a novel and superior optimization technique for predicting groundwater seepage in tunnel environments. Traditional methods for predicting such seepage often struggle with the complexities of subterranean water flow, particularly in heterogeneous geological conditions, and while machine learning approaches have offered improvements, they often require significant computational resources. The HMS algorithm, inspired by human cognitive processes, employs memory recall, adaptive clustering, and strategic selection to efficiently refine solutions. Our results demonstrate that HMS significantly outperforms established algorithms in predicting groundwater seepage, achieving an R² value of 0.9988, a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.0002, and a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.0137. In comparison, the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) achieved an R² of 0.9951 with much higher MSE and RMSE, and other methods, like Genetic Programming and ANN-PSO, show higher error values. The HMS algorithm also showed a Variance Accounted for (VAF) of 99.88% and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.0041, further validating its high predictive accuracy. This study highlights the HMS algorithm’s superior performance and computational efficiency for optimizing groundwater seepage predictions, positioning it as a powerful tool for geotechnical engineering applications, including real-time monitoring.
Exploration
Shaghayegh Esmaeilzadeh; Ali Moradzadeh; omid Asghari; Reza Mohebian
Abstract
Seismic inversion is a critical technique for estimating the spatial distribution of petro-elastic properties in the subsurface, based on the seismic reflection data. This work introduces an iterative geostatistical seismic inversion method, designed to address challenges in complex geological settings ...
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Seismic inversion is a critical technique for estimating the spatial distribution of petro-elastic properties in the subsurface, based on the seismic reflection data. This work introduces an iterative geostatistical seismic inversion method, designed to address challenges in complex geological settings by incorporating self-updating local variogram models. Unlike the conventional approaches that rely on a single global variogram or fixed local variograms, the proposed method dynamically updates the spatial continuity models at each iteration using automatic variogram modeling and clustering of variogram parameters. The optimal number of clusters is determined using three cluster validity indices: Silhouette Index (SI), Davies-Bouldin Index (DB), and Calinski-Harabasz Index (CH). The method’s effectiveness was evaluated using a three-dimensional non-stationary synthetic dataset, demonstrating robust convergence when employing the SI and CH indices, with both achieving a high global correlation coefficient of 0.9 between the predicted and true seismic data. Among these, the CH index provided the best balance between the computational efficiency and inversion accuracy. The results highlight the method’s ability to effectively capture local spatial variability, while maintaining a reasonable computational cost, making it a promising approach for seismic inversion in complex sub-surface environments.
Exploration
Satyajeet Parida; Abhishek Kumar Tripathi; Tarek Salem Abdennaji; Yewuhalashet Fissha
Abstract
Coal quality is predominantly determined by its Gross Calorific Value (GCV), which directly influences its economic valuation. Traditional empirical formulas for GCV estimation, though effective, become inefficient and laborious when handling large datasets. To address this, machine learning (ML) techniques ...
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Coal quality is predominantly determined by its Gross Calorific Value (GCV), which directly influences its economic valuation. Traditional empirical formulas for GCV estimation, though effective, become inefficient and laborious when handling large datasets. To address this, machine learning (ML) techniques offer a robust alternative for accurate and rapid predictions. This study employs seven coal quality parameters. Total Moisture (TM), Ash (ASH), Volatile Matter (VM), Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and Sulphur (S), as independent variables to develop predictive models for GCV. Four conventional regression techniques, namely Support Vector Regression (SVR), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Random Forest (RF), and Decision Tree (DT), along with two robust regression models Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) and Huber Regressor (HR) are explored. The dataset comprises coal samples from five Asia-Pacific countries: China, Indonesia, Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand. Comparative performance analysis reveals that the robust regression models significantly outperform the conventional ML techniques. The RANSAC and Huber Regressor models achieve superior prediction accuracy with R² values of 0.9941 and 0.9952, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of robust regression approaches for reliable GCV estimation, facilitating efficient coal quality assessment in large-scale applications.
Exploration
BALBIR NAGAL
Abstract
This study delineates groundwater potential (GWP) zones across Haryana, India, for the year 2023 using geospatial techniques integrated with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Multiple thematic layers, including slope, land use/land cover (LULC), soil, geology, drainage density (DD), lineament density ...
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This study delineates groundwater potential (GWP) zones across Haryana, India, for the year 2023 using geospatial techniques integrated with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Multiple thematic layers, including slope, land use/land cover (LULC), soil, geology, drainage density (DD), lineament density (LD), elevation, rainfall, and topographic wetness index (TWI), were generated using datasets from SRTM, Sentinel-2, food and agriculture organization (FAO), and the India meteorological department (IMD) and weighted through the AHP. These layers were integrated using weighted overlay analysis (WOA) to generate the final GWP map. The GWP map was validated against field groundwater level (GWL) data from 646 wells recorded in 2018 by the central ground water board (CGWB), resulting in an accuracy of 77.55 percent. This confirmed the reliability of the geographic information system (GIS) and AHP technique. The study reveals that moderate GWP zones dominate (43.71%) the region, followed by high (33.24%) and very high (11.96%) zones, whereas low and very low GWP zones cover 7.59% and 3.51% of the area, respectively. The findings indicate that Haryana’s groundwater distribution is largely stable, with minor variation observed between 2018 and 2023. This shows stable aquifer behaviour and relatively unchanged recharge and extraction patterns over the five-year period. The outcomes of this study are valuable for strategic groundwater management, especially in arid and semiarid regions of Haryana state.
Exploration
Mohammadreza Agharezaei; Ardeshir Hezarkhani
Abstract
Geochemical exploration as an advantageous exploration method mostly deals with anomaly separation and related endeavors. Many experts have suggested various types of anomaly identification methods. The intention of this research is introduction of a new method for separating geochemical anomalies based ...
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Geochemical exploration as an advantageous exploration method mostly deals with anomaly separation and related endeavors. Many experts have suggested various types of anomaly identification methods. The intention of this research is introduction of a new method for separating geochemical anomalies based on the Fibonacci sequence for the first time. The Fibonacci features of datasets were clarified and the method was introduced and applied on a dataset of bore-hole samples of Hired gold deposit located in southern Khorasan province, Iran. The main result of this study is the successfully establishing of a Fibonacci-based procedure that leads to separate geochemical anomalies. The determined thresholds by this method were compared with U-statistics and Concentration-Volume fractal modeling. Evaluation of the results revealed high consistence between the outcomes of the methods. The U-Statistics threshold for background was 105 ppb for gold and the Fibonacci Transformation method’s threshold was 109 ppb. This new method specified 170 ppb for gold moderate anomaly and the C-V fractal determined 169 ppb which are almost the same. The performance of the new method was assessed by calculating misclassification errors. The average total misclassification error was 0.023 which is acceptable and quite reasonable since the methods are fundamentally different. As the other main results of this study, it is confirmed that one of the Fibonacci features which is defined as Fibonacci index (FI) fluctuates among element pairs in the same way that geochemical correlation does. The FI could be considered as a genetic-related factor in geochemical studies and ore evolution researches.
Exploration
Kamran Mostafaei; Mohammad Nabi Kianpour; Mahyar Yousefi; Meisam Saleki
Abstract
Discrimination of geochemical anomalies from background is a challenge in that elemental dispersion patterns are affected by a variety of geological factors, which vary from one to another area. While statistical and fractal methods are commonly employed for anomaly detection, they struggle with selecting ...
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Discrimination of geochemical anomalies from background is a challenge in that elemental dispersion patterns are affected by a variety of geological factors, which vary from one to another area. While statistical and fractal methods are commonly employed for anomaly detection, they struggle with selecting optimal thresholds. This study proposes the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm as a novel approach for identifying the optimal boundary between anomalies and background. Stream sediment geochemical data from a copper-mineralized area of the Sarduiyeh-Baft sheets in southeast Iran were utilized for analysis. The Geochemical Mineralization Probability Index (GMPI) was first calculated for Cu-Au, Mo-As, Pb-Zn, and porphyry distributions. Subsequently, fractal methods were used to identify anomalous populations within each GMPI. The GWO algorithm was then applied to these distributions to determine the optimal thresholds. Risk analysis, calculated as the ratio of covered copper occurrences to the covered area, revealed superior reliability for the GWO-derived limit compared to those obtained using fractal methods. For porphyry GMPI values, while the fractal reliability indices are 0.127, 0.44, and 0.5, the GWO limit achieved a value of 0.66. Risk analysis for Cu-Au distribution also caused more desired result for GWO limit rather that fractal ones. This demonstrates the enhanced performance and superior reliability of the GWO algorithm for optimizing anomaly detection thresholds in GMPI data.
Exploration
V.S.S.A Naidu Badireddi; Vije durga raju Mullagiri; MVS sekhar Bezawada; Ambili V; K S N Reddy
Abstract
The Bavanapadu-Nuvvalarevu coastal sector in Andhra Pradesh, India, hosts substantial subsurface heavy mineral (HM) resources, presenting significant economic potential. This study employs ArcGIS raster techniques to estimate Total Heavy Mineral (THM) and Total Economic Heavy Mineral (TEHM) resources ...
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The Bavanapadu-Nuvvalarevu coastal sector in Andhra Pradesh, India, hosts substantial subsurface heavy mineral (HM) resources, presenting significant economic potential. This study employs ArcGIS raster techniques to estimate Total Heavy Mineral (THM) and Total Economic Heavy Mineral (TEHM) resources in a 39 square kilometers area, integrating geospatial analysis with field data from core sediment samples. The findings reveal a total of 2.681953 million tons of THM, including 2.434422 million tons of TEHM, with the highest concentration observed in the top 1-meter sea bed sediment layer (1.605286 million tons). Ilmenite, garnet, and sillimanite dominate the mineral assemblage, accompanied by smaller quantities of zircon, monazite, and rutile, offering an estimated revenue potential of $634 to $851 million USD. The application of ArcGIS methodologies, particularly inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation, enabled precise mapping of HM distribution, despite challenges such as wide sample spacing and shallow core penetration. While the study highlights the economic and industrial significance of the Bavanapadu sector, it also underscores environmental concerns, including habitat disruption and sediment degradation, associated with mining. Sustainable practices, such as advanced separation technologies, site rehabilitation, and comprehensive environmental impact assessments (EIAs), are essential to mitigate ecological impacts. This research demonstrates the efficacy of GIS-based techniques in resource estimation and sustainable mining, offering a replicable framework for coastal and offshore mineral resource management globally. The findings provide critical insights into balancing economic growth with environmental preservation, setting a benchmark for responsible heavy mineral extraction in dynamic coastal environments.
Exploration
Bardiya Sadraeifar; Maysam Abedi; Seyed Hossein Hosseini
Abstract
The Shavaz iron deposit, located in the southwest Yazd province in Central Iranian Block, near The Bafq metallogenic belt, is a significant and economically valuable iron oxide-apatite resource. It features hematite and a minor content of magnetite, detectable through potential field geophysical ...
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The Shavaz iron deposit, located in the southwest Yazd province in Central Iranian Block, near The Bafq metallogenic belt, is a significant and economically valuable iron oxide-apatite resource. It features hematite and a minor content of magnetite, detectable through potential field geophysical surveys. This study aimed to target magnetite mineralization within the deposit using constrained susceptibility inversion. We began by simulating a multi-source synthetic model with three identical cubes at different depths to evaluate the sparse norm inversion approach. The method was then applied to the case study after the essential magnetic data corrections. To refine the interpretation of residual magnetic anomalies and gain insights into their source and depth, the analytic signal and upward continuation methods were employed. Inversion results across different cross-sections revealed two distinct, shallow, lens-shaped magnetite mineralizations with an average vertical extent of 60 meters. Notably, one magnetite body lies approximately 30 meters deeper due to the Dehshir-Baft fault influence. Low normalized mis-fit values confirmed the successful minimization of the objective function during inversion. Additionally, the reconstructed susceptibility models align well with the previous geological studies and borehole data, demonstrating the efficiency of the sparse norm inversion algorithm.
Exploration
Mobin Saremi; Abbas Maghsoudi; Reza Ghezelbash; mahyar yousefi; Ardeshir Hezarkhani
Abstract
Mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM) is a multi-step and complex process designed to narrow down the target areas for exploratory activities in subsequent stages. To pinpoint promising zones of porphyry copper mineralization in the Varzaghan district, NW Iran, various exploration evidence layers were ...
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Mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM) is a multi-step and complex process designed to narrow down the target areas for exploratory activities in subsequent stages. To pinpoint promising zones of porphyry copper mineralization in the Varzaghan district, NW Iran, various exploration evidence layers were employed in alignment with the conceptual model of these deposits. These layers encompass fault density, proximity to intrusive rocks, multi-element geochemical anomalies, and distances to phyllic and argillic alterations. The geochemical anomaly maps, recognized as the most effective layers, were generated through staged factor analysis (SFA) and the geochemical mineralization probability index (GMPI). Other layers were weighted using a logistic function, and their values were transformed into 0 -1 interval. Ultimately, to integrate the weighted layers, the fuzzy gamma operator and the geometric average method were applied. The normalized density index and prediction-area (P-A) plot were employed to evaluate the MPM models. The findings indicate that the developed models possess considerable validity and can be effectively utilized for planning future exploration endeavors.
Exploration
Mohamed Y Amer; Adel M Salem; Mohammed S Farahat; Said Kamel Elsayed
Abstract
Sustainable production of sufficient energy to power the world’s economy with a minimum environmental footprint has been one of the most significant challenges for the decades. Geothermal energy has been considered as one of the promising options to meet the world’s future energy demand. ...
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Sustainable production of sufficient energy to power the world’s economy with a minimum environmental footprint has been one of the most significant challenges for the decades. Geothermal energy has been considered as one of the promising options to meet the world’s future energy demand. The cost of drilling geothermal wells is between 35% and 50% of the total investment cost for the new high-temperature geothermal plants. This “up front” cost makes the geothermal plants more expensive to build than the conventional plants, and because of this and the perceived risk, a lot of attention has been focused on reducing this cost.This paper attempts to minimize the cost of drilling deep wells such as AG-119X, in Egypt of 20060 ft. in depths; in this well, the actual cost was more than the proposed by about five million USD. The actual cost of the drilling operation has been analyzed and compared with the proposed; by observing the cost of each drilling item, it was found that the power drive tools in the bottom hole assembly such as the downhole motor with Rotary Steerable drilling system (RSS) or turbodrill hydraulic downhole motor is the most costly element of the drilling operation in 8.5 holes, which tack thirteen trips in every trip with a new bit, and it was found that the turbodrill hydraulic downhole motor was costly effected in drilling the shush section, in this, and can save around 1756999 USD; this paper is a road map for reducing the cost of drilling geothermal wells.
Exploration
Marco Antonio Cotrina-Teatino; Jairo Jhonatan Marquina-Araujo; Jose Nestor Mamani-Quispe; Solio Marino Arango-Retamozo; Johnny Henrry Ccatamayo-Barrios; Joe Alexis Gonzalez-Vasquez; Teofilo Donaires-Flores; Maxgabriel Alexis Calla-Huayapa
Abstract
This work aimed to categorize mineral resources in a copper deposit in Peru, using a machine learning model, integrating the K-prototypes clustering algorithm for initial classification and Random Forest (RF) as a spatial smoother. A total of 318,443 blocks were classified using geostatistical and geometric ...
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This work aimed to categorize mineral resources in a copper deposit in Peru, using a machine learning model, integrating the K-prototypes clustering algorithm for initial classification and Random Forest (RF) as a spatial smoother. A total of 318,443 blocks were classified using geostatistical and geometric variables derived from Ordinary Kriging (OK) such as kriging variance, sample distance, number of drillholes, and geological confidence. The model was trained and validated using precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. The results indicated an overall accuracy of 97%, with the measured category achieving 98% precision and an F1-score of 0.98. The total estimated tonnage was 5,859.36 Mt, distributed as follows: 1,446.13 Mt (measured), 2,249.22 Mt (Indicated), and 2,164.01 Mt (Inferred), with average copper grades of 0.43%, 0.33%, and 0.31% Cu, respectively. Compared to the traditional geostatistical methods, this hybrid approach improves classification objectivity, spatial continuity, and reproducibility, minimizing abrupt transitions between categories. The RF model proved to be a robust tool, reducing classification inconsistencies and better capturing geological uncertainty. Future studies should explore hybrid models (K-means with RF, ANN with K-Prototypes, gradient boosting, and deep learning) and incorporate economic variables to optimize decision-making in resource estimation.
Exploration
Mahdi Bajolvand; Ahmad Ramezanzadeh; Amin Hekmatnejad; Mohammad Mehrad; Shadfar Davoodi; Mohammad Teimuri
Abstract
Shear Wave Slowness Log (DTSM) is one of the most important petrophysical logs applicable for studying reservoirs, especially geomechanical studying of the oil and gas fields. However, lack of this parameter in wellbore logging can import great sources of uncertainty into geomechanical studies. This ...
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Shear Wave Slowness Log (DTSM) is one of the most important petrophysical logs applicable for studying reservoirs, especially geomechanical studying of the oil and gas fields. However, lack of this parameter in wellbore logging can import great sources of uncertainty into geomechanical studies. This study aims to provide solutions for decreasing the uncertainty of geomechanical models with estimation of the DTSM log using the high accurate deep machine learning models. The main idea is using data from offset fields for extending the range of training data and improving the estimation ability and generalizability of machine learning models. For this purpose, petrophysical data from 8 wells of 4 Iranian oil fields were collected. In the first stage, data preprocessing was performed for reducing the effects of wrong data, missing value, noises, and outliers. Then, machine learning (regression learning-based and deep neural network-based) and analytical models implemented for estimating DTSM. The results indicated that the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) model with the values of 1.9 and 2.14 for RMSE and 0.99 for R-square had the most exact answers, for training and test data, respectively. Meanwhile, evaluation of the accuracy of the models on the validation well data indicated that GRU model with the values of 2.43 and 0.93 had been the most accurate model for RMSE and R-square, respectively. Accordingly, using a multi-field comprehensive data bank and applying machine learning methods are strongly recommended to estimate the DTSM, for the cases where limited offset data is available.
Exploration
Seyyed Saeed Ghannadpour; Samaneh Esmaelzadeh Kalkhoran; Maedeh Behifar; Hadi Jalili
Abstract
In this study, with the aim of identifying alteration zones related to the porphyry copper system, satellite images are processed in study area (the Zafarghand exploration area) in the NE of Isfahan. For this purpose, one of the common methods of separating geochemical anomalies from the background, ...
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In this study, with the aim of identifying alteration zones related to the porphyry copper system, satellite images are processed in study area (the Zafarghand exploration area) in the NE of Isfahan. For this purpose, one of the common methods of separating geochemical anomalies from the background, i.e. fractal Concentration-Number (C-N) model, has been employed. The C-N fractal model will normally be implemented on geochemical samples. While in this study, the digital number values belonging to the pixels of the ASTER sensor image are considered as a systematic sample network and also as input for this model. The output of this processing has been prepared in the form of maps of promising areas of the Zafarghand region. The correspondence of the resulting maps with the alteration map of the region shows that applying the proposed method in determining the propylitic and phyllic alteration zones has had acceptable performance. Finally, with the help of the aforementioned proposed method, a map of the promising areas of the study area has been prepared, and based on that, new zones of alterations have been introduced in the region.
Exploration
Abdalmajed Milad Shlof; Mohd Hariri Arifin; Muhammad Taqiuddin Zakaria; Emmanuel O. Salufu
Abstract
More than sixty thermal springs have been detected across Peninsular Malaysia, with about 75% conveniently located in easily accessible areas. The potential for thermal energy growth has been recognized at four hot spring localities: Lojing, Dusun Tua, Ulu Slim, and Sungai Klah. This article analyses ...
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More than sixty thermal springs have been detected across Peninsular Malaysia, with about 75% conveniently located in easily accessible areas. The potential for thermal energy growth has been recognized at four hot spring localities: Lojing, Dusun Tua, Ulu Slim, and Sungai Klah. This article analyses Peninsular Malaysia's geothermal development's geological, geochemical, and geophysical research to assess its appropriateness and performance. The geological data provide insights into the structural characteristics and spatial distribution of thermal springs within the studied area. Geochemical studies measure reservoir temperatures, revealing the highest recorded temperature exceeds 189°C. The review shows that the hot springs are derived from a recharge region linked to high-altitude topography, with their source being meteoric water. Several geophysical techniques, such as transient electromagnet (TEM), gravity, land and satellite magnetic, ground penetration radar (GPR), seismic, resistivity, and induced polarization (IP), have been employed to examine the geothermal system in Malaysia. The sole magnetotelluric (MT) investigation at Ulu Slim deviates from this pattern. The source suggests uncertainty regarding accuracy related to station distance, highlighting these concerns. Most studies indicate that magma intrusion is the most likely heat source. To offer a comprehensive understanding of Peninsular Malaysia's geothermal potential, this study reviews previous research and presents a feasible model that incorporates all current facts.
